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Questions and Answers
Sharps are a specific category of medical and laboratory waste that includes any items that can puncture or cut the ______.
Sharps are a specific category of medical and laboratory waste that includes any items that can puncture or cut the ______.
skin
All sharps must be disposed of in puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers labelled with the ______ symbol.
All sharps must be disposed of in puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers labelled with the ______ symbol.
biohazard
Toxic chemicals can be classified as acute, causing immediate harm upon exposure, or ______, which have long-term health effects.
Toxic chemicals can be classified as acute, causing immediate harm upon exposure, or ______, which have long-term health effects.
chronic
Flammable chemicals can easily ignite and cause ______.
Flammable chemicals can easily ignite and cause ______.
Reactive chemicals can undergo violent reactions under certain ______.
Reactive chemicals can undergo violent reactions under certain ______.
When skin or eye contact occurs with corrosive chemicals, the best first aid is to flush the area immediately with ______ for at least 15 minutes.
When skin or eye contact occurs with corrosive chemicals, the best first aid is to flush the area immediately with ______ for at least 15 minutes.
Routes of exposure to hazardous materials include inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and ______.
Routes of exposure to hazardous materials include inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and ______.
Examples of carcinogens include formaldehyde and ______.
Examples of carcinogens include formaldehyde and ______.
A biologic hazard refers to a biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily ______.
A biologic hazard refers to a biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily ______.
The chain of infection requires a continuous link between three elements: source, mode of ______, and susceptible host.
The chain of infection requires a continuous link between three elements: source, mode of ______, and susceptible host.
Pathogenic microorganisms include ______, viruses, fungi, and prions.
Pathogenic microorganisms include ______, viruses, fungi, and prions.
Biological hazards can be found in medical and clinical settings such as ______, laboratories, and clinics.
Biological hazards can be found in medical and clinical settings such as ______, laboratories, and clinics.
Airborne transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne ______.
Airborne transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne ______.
Food and water transmission involves the ingestion of contaminated ______ or water.
Food and water transmission involves the ingestion of contaminated ______ or water.
Vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas are associated with ______ transmission.
Vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas are associated with ______ transmission.
Bioactive substances include toxins produced by microorganisms, plants, and ______.
Bioactive substances include toxins produced by microorganisms, plants, and ______.
Points falling within the 1s control limits indicate ______ variation
Points falling within the 1s control limits indicate ______ variation
Points beyond the 2s control limits indicate a significant ______ that requires investigation
Points beyond the 2s control limits indicate a significant ______ that requires investigation
A ______ is indicated by increasing values passing through the mean, leading to rejection on the 6th test.
A ______ is indicated by increasing values passing through the mean, leading to rejection on the 6th test.
A ______ occurs when measurements are stable on one side of the mean, also resulting in rejection on the 6th test.
A ______ occurs when measurements are stable on one side of the mean, also resulting in rejection on the 6th test.
Sensitivity refers to the ability to measure minute ______ concentrations.
Sensitivity refers to the ability to measure minute ______ concentrations.
An electronic thermometer is also known as a ______.
An electronic thermometer is also known as a ______.
Class A labware is stamped with the letter ______.
Class A labware is stamped with the letter ______.
To Contain (TC) vessels do not deliver the exact contained volume due to ______.
To Contain (TC) vessels do not deliver the exact contained volume due to ______.
Plasticware is typically used to replace ______.
Plasticware is typically used to replace ______.
Graduated cylinders are long, cylindrical tubes held upright by an ______.
Graduated cylinders are long, cylindrical tubes held upright by an ______.
Erlenmeyer flasks are designed to hold different volumes rather than one ______ amount.
Erlenmeyer flasks are designed to hold different volumes rather than one ______ amount.
Class B labware is suitable for educational and general laboratory ______.
Class B labware is suitable for educational and general laboratory ______.
The volumetric flask is a type of lab vessel that holds 1 ______ volume of liquid.
The volumetric flask is a type of lab vessel that holds 1 ______ volume of liquid.
The molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is calculated to be ______ g/mol.
The molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is calculated to be ______ g/mol.
To calculate the number of moles of glucose, the formula used is n = mass of glucose / ______.
To calculate the number of moles of glucose, the formula used is n = mass of glucose / ______.
The mass of solvent (water) required to calculate molality is ______ g.
The mass of solvent (water) required to calculate molality is ______ g.
The formula for calculating molality (m) is ______ mol / kg.
The formula for calculating molality (m) is ______ mol / kg.
Normality (N) is often used in chemical ______ and reagent classification.
Normality (N) is often used in chemical ______ and reagent classification.
The equivalent weight of a substance is calculated by dividing the gram molecular weight by its ______.
The equivalent weight of a substance is calculated by dividing the gram molecular weight by its ______.
To calculate the normality (N), you first find the number of equivalents (neq) using the formula neq = n x ______.
To calculate the normality (N), you first find the number of equivalents (neq) using the formula neq = n x ______.
When you dissolve 4.9g of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in enough water to make 250 mL of solution, you need to calculate the ______ of the H2SO4 solution.
When you dissolve 4.9g of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in enough water to make 250 mL of solution, you need to calculate the ______ of the H2SO4 solution.
Study Notes
Biological Hazards
- Biological hazards are substances threatening health, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and prions.
- Infection prevention requires understanding the chain of infection: source, mode of transmission, and susceptible host.
- Sources of biological hazards include medical settings (hospitals, labs), natural environments (soil, water), and biotechnology research facilities.
Types of Biological Hazards
- Pathogenic Microorganisms: Include bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions.
- Bioactive Substances: Toxins produced by various organisms.
- Allergic Agents: Substances causing allergic reactions.
Transmission of Biological Hazards
- Direct Contact: Physical interaction with infected individuals or surfaces.
- Airborne Transmission: Inhalation of pathogens in droplets.
- Vector-Borne Transmission: Spread via organisms like mosquitoes and ticks.
- Food and Water: Can transmit pathogens through ingestion.
Sharp Hazards
- Involves medical waste that can puncture skin, e.g., needles, blades, broken glass.
- Needlestick injuries can transmit bloodborne pathogens; cuts increase infection risk.
- Proper disposal requires puncture-resistant, leak-proof containers marked with a biohazard symbol.
Chemical Hazards
- Chemical risks can harm human health or the environment, categorized as:
- Toxic (acute: cyanide; chronic: asbestos)
- Flammable (gasoline, ethanol)
- Corrosive (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid)
- Reactive chemicals may cause violent reactions; carcinogens lead to cancer; mutagens cause genetic mutations.
First Aid for Chemical Exposure
- Flush affected skin or eyes with water for at least 15 minutes following contact with chemicals and seek medical help.
Routes of Exposure to Hazards
- Inhalation
- Ingestion
- Skin contact
- Injection
Laboratory Equipment
- Glassware Types: Kimax/Pyrex, Corex, High silica, Low actinic, Flint.
- Precision and Accuracy:
- Class A: High precision for laboratory use.
- Class B: Suitable for general educational laboratories.
- Volume Designations:
- To Contain (TC): Does not deliver exact volume due to residuals.
- To Deliver (TD): Ensures accurate delivery of the specified volume.
Plasticware
- Practical alternatives to glassware, resistant to corrosion and breakage, and generally inexpensive.
- Common materials include polystyrene, polypropylene, Teflon, and PVC.
Laboratory Vessels
- Includes flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, volumetric flasks (exact volume), and Erlenmeyer flasks (variable volume).
- Graduated cylinders offer precise measurements as cylindrical tubes.
Quality Control in Laboratories
- Westgard QC charts evaluate test results to ensure accuracy.
- Interpret points: within control limits indicate normal variation; outside limits signal need for investigation.
Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sensitivity: Ability to detect low concentrations.
- Specificity: Capacity to react with a particular unknown.
Calculations in Chemistry
- Molar Mass of Glucose: 180.18 g/mol calculated via atomic weights.
- Moles Calculation: n = mass of substance/molar mass, e.g., 15.0g of glucose yields 0.0832 mol.
- Molality (m): Based on moles of solute per kg of solvent; example gives 0.333 mol/kg.
Normality (N)
- Measures gram equivalents per liter; essential in titrations.
- Calculation involves determining equivalents based on the type of reaction (acids, bases, etc.).
- Example: Normality of sulfuric acid when dissolved in solution can be calculated from equivalents formed.
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Description
Explore the various types of biological hazards, their sources, and modes of transmission. This quiz covers crucial topics such as pathogenic microorganisms, bioactive substances, and the chain of infection. Enhance your understanding of how these hazards impact health and safety.
