Biological Factors and Evolutionary Concepts

The ability to walk upright on two legs.

Opposable thumbs enable grasping objects and using tools.

<p>The gradual change in a species over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others due to those traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70,000 years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Judging another culture based on the perceptions and norms of your own culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trying to understand a culture on its own terms without judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical objects created by humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups within a larger culture that have their own ideologies and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups that oppose the dominant culture's ideologies and norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social rules that guide behavior in a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weak norms, often considered customary practices or traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When a company shifts its costs onto others to bear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A burial site for Homo erectus found in Spain, containing a significant number of fossilized remains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foraging or nomadic cultures that relied on hunting and gathering for sustenance. These societies lasted for the majority of human existence and ceased around 4,000 BC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early farming communities that emerged in warm regions with sufficient rainfall. These societies were characterized by rudimentary farming techniques and a semi-nomadic lifestyle spanning 7-10 years in a single location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Societies that emerged around 8000-9000 years ago with advanced farming techniques, leading to permanent settlements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Societies that began in the late 1700s with the invention of the steam engine, characterized by machine-based production, urbanization, and the rise of wage labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contemporary societies characterized by information-based economies, globalized networks, and a focus on knowledge and technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of human physical evolution, including changes in anatomy and physiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in cultures across the world, exploring variations in social organization, beliefs, values, and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The application of physical anthropology to legal investigations, often involving the examination of human remains in crime scenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Post-industrial society, characterized by the rapid growth and influence of information technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detailed examination and comparison of specific cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of ancient cultures through the examination of material remains, such as tools, pottery, and structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of human communication, particularly the role of language in shaping cultural experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An economic philosophy that advocates for free markets, minimal government intervention, and privatization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interconnectedness and interdependence of nations and cultures on a global scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The printing press revolutionized the ability to print information, significantly accelerating the spread of ideas and knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The steam engine was a key innovation that powered the Industrial Revolution, enabling new forms of energy production and driving technological advancements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide evidence that bipedalism existed at least 3.6 million years ago, long before the development of larger brains in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crude stone tools used for a variety of purposes like cutting, whittling, and shaping, found in Africa and dating back 2.5 million years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where some of the earliest civilizations emerged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of language change over time, including comparisons and analysis of language families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The underlying structures and rules of language, challenging the traditional view of language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between language and social factors, including how language is used to express status, power, and identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky's theory that all languages share a common, underlying structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of primates, often conducted in natural settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of ancient human ancestors, often through the discovery and analysis of fossilized remains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A set of six characteristics considered essential for an animal to be domesticated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The taming and breeding of animals for human use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chronological overview of key events in human history, including the emergence of Homo sapiens, the cognitive revolution, the agricultural revolution, and the Industrial Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mary Leakey, along with her husband, Louis Leakey, made significant discoveries in Africa, including evidence supporting an African origin for humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Donald Johanson discovered the partial skeleton of Lucy, a 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis, in Ethiopia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marc Lepine was the perpetrator of the Montreal Massacre, a tragic event in which he killed 14 women at the University of Montreal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jared Diamond wrote 'Guns, Germs, and Steel', which argues that geographical factors played a major role in the uneven development of civilizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exploring the history of humankind, focusing on the evolution and rise of Homo sapiens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Franz de Waal conducted groundbreaking research on primate behavior, challenging the notion that animals lack emotions and exploring moral concepts in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elizabeth Anderson argues that humans have different moral obligations to different species, depending on our perception of their intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A European variant of Homo sapiens that existed around 40,000 years ago, known for their larger brains and tool use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The modern human species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans and their direct ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lucy, discovered in Ethiopia, is a 3.2 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis, offering insights into early hominin evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis skeleton of a three-year-old child, found in Ethiopia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tim White discovered the 'Ardi' fossil, a 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus, in 1994.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster youth, found in Kenya, dating back 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An indigenous group living in the Amazon rainforest of Brazil, known for their hunter-gatherer lifestyle and social structure, studied by anthropologists like Napoleon Chagnon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An indigenous group from Samoa, a group of islands in the South Pacific, studied by Margaret Mead, who explored their social and cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An experiment that sought to teach language to a chimpanzee named Nim, raised in a human household, to explore the potential for communication in non-human primates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky argued that human brains are wired for language acquisition, proposing the concept of Universal Grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Napoleon Chagnon studied the Yanomamo people, describing them as 'Fierce People' and highlighting their social practices, but his research was criticized for its methods and biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patrick Tierney criticized Chagnon's research, alleging that he exaggerated violence among the Yanomamo and potentially influenced their behavior, prompting further debate about the ethics and objectivity of anthropological research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruth Benedict was a prominent anthropologist known for her cross-cultural studies, including her book 'The Chrysanthemum and the Sword', which explored Japanese culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diamond Jenness conducted extensive research on the Inuit people of the Canadian Arctic, documenting their oral histories, songs, customs, and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rick Potts focuses on human evolution, proposing the 'variability selection' theory, which argues that climate change was a driving force behind human adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Margaret Mead was a renowned anthropologist known for her studies on adolescence and cultural variation, particularly her research on the Simoans, exploring the impact of culture on adolescent development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derek Freeman argued that Mead's findings were inaccurate, claiming that she overlooked the complexities of Samoan society and exaggerated their social permissiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jane Goodall is a renowned primatologist, known for her groundbreaking research on chimpanzee behavior in the wild, revolutionizing our understanding of primate intelligence and social complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diane Fossey was a primatologist known for her extensive research on mountain gorillas in Rwanda, documenting their behavior and social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Birute Galdikas is a primatologist, known for her long-term research on orangutans in Borneo, focusing on their behavior, social structure, and conservation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raymond Dart was an anthropologist who provided strong evidence suggesting that Africa was the cradle of humankind, a pivotal contribution to understanding human origins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wilhelm Wundt was a German physiologist who is considered the founder of psychology as an independent scientific discipline, establishing the first psychology laboratory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>William James was a prominent American psychologist who founded functionalism, a school of psychology that focused on the practical functions of the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who developed psychoanalysis, a school of psychology that emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior and personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who was a pioneer in the development of analytical psychology, known for his theory of the collective unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karen Horney was a German-American psychoanalyst who offered feminist critiques of Freud's theories, highlighting the impact of social and cultural factors on women's development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development, which describes the stages of intellectual growth in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erik Erikson was a German-American psychologist who expanded on Freud's ideas, proposing a psychosocial theory of development, highlighting the importance of social interactions and cultural influences throughout life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Harry Harlow conducted a famous experiment with baby monkeys, presenting them with cloth or wire mothers, finding that the monkeys preferred the cloth mothers due to contact comfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning, a form of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who pioneered operant conditioning, a form of learning where behaviors are influenced by their consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Watson was an American psychologist who promoted behaviorism, a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albert Bandura is a prominent psychologist known for his work on observational learning or social learning theory, as demonstrated in his famous Bobo doll experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elizabeth Loftus is a renowned psychologist known for her research on memory and the unreliability of eyewitness testimony</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brad Bushman is a communication professor and psychologist whose research suggests that violent video games are more harmful than violent TV and films.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karin Fikkers's research suggests that individuals who grew up in aggressive environments are more likely to develop aggressive tendencies from violent games.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist known for his Hierarchy of Needs, which proposes that humans are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers