Biological Compounds and Their Sources

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Questions and Answers

Which dosage form is primarily used for delivering drugs into the lungs?

Vaginal gels

Intravenous emulsions

Suppositories

Aerosols (correct)

What is a characteristic of vaginal dosage forms?

They are typically used for systemic circulation.

They are intended for use in the vaginal cavity. (correct)

They are always in liquid form.

They include only tablets and creams.

What type of new drug delivery system involves placing materials under the skin for prolonged drug release?

Implants (correct)

Suppositories

Ointments

Aerosols

Which of the following is NOT a vaginal dosage form?

Aerosols Signup and view all the answers

Which drug delivery method is exemplified by products like salonpas?

Films & Strips Signup and view all the answers

What plant-derived compound is known for being bitter and having a nitrogen component?

Alkaloids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes of administration provides 100% bioavailability of a drug?

Intravenous route Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for the maternal exchange of nutrients in humans?

Placenta Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming?

Penicillin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin obtained from the pancreas of pigs?

Control blood glucose for type 1 diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the vomiting process used to remove toxins or overdose substances from the body?

Emesis Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is naloxone classified as?

Antidote Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs is typically applied locally to the skin?

Topical Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of enteral administration?

It involves the digestive tract for drug absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a parenteral dosage form?

Intravenous solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is associated with systemic effects through the lungs?

Respiratory/Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes topical dosage forms from other administration routes?

They provide localized effects on the skin or surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common form of an enteral dosage form?

Pills Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is considered a rectal dosage form?

Suppositories Signup and view all the answers

Which dosage form is typically used for drugs that require a long-acting effect?

Patches Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately represents the purpose of dosage forms?

They refer to the preparation and presentation of a drug. Signup and view all the answers

What role do carrier proteins play in active transport?

They help transport molecules that cannot pass through the membrane independently. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can affect the rate of drug elimination?

The molecular weight of the drug. Signup and view all the answers

Why might absorption rates differ between elderly and pediatric patients?

Absorption is generally slower in these age groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration regarding the solubility of drugs affecting absorption?

Lipophilic drugs are absorbed faster than hydrophilic drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What is bioavailability related to in pharmacology?

The amount of drug that reaches the site of action. Signup and view all the answers

How does endocytosis function in the context of drug administration?

It allows large molecules to bypass typical absorption pathways. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation when checking drug concentrations in the body?

It is often impractical to directly measure concentrations in the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What does facilitated diffusion require for transport of molecules?

It relies on a unique form of carrier specific to the molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of using EMLA as a local anesthetic?

Lack of flexibility in dosing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT modify drug action?

Placebo effect Signup and view all the answers

In using Young's rule for calculating pediatric doses, what is the formula?

(age/age + 12) x adult dose Signup and view all the answers

What describes 'adverse effects' of drug administration?

Any undesirable or unintended consequences Signup and view all the answers

According to Clark's rule, which of the following formulations is used to calculate pediatric doses for children based on weight in pounds?

(weight/150) x adult dose Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for reduced response to cardiovascular drugs in Black individuals?

Genetic variability Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using EMLA as a local anesthetic?

Better patient compliance Signup and view all the answers

How does body weight modify drug action?

Dosing is often adjusted based on weight Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

PLANTS

Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds containing one nitrogen, often bitter. Example: caffeine.
Glycosides consist of one or more sugar components.
Oils can be derived from plants, but mineral oil originates from petroleum.

HUMAN COMPONENTS

Key components include placenta, blood, and immunoglobulin (Ig).
The placenta functions as an exchange system for maternal nutrients and stem cells.

MICROORGANISMS

Major source of most antibiotics, such as penicillin and vaccines (e.g., COVID-19).
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the mold Penicillium notatum.

ANIMALS

Insulin for diabetes management is obtained from the pancreas of pigs, closely matching human insulin for compatibility, particularly for Type 1 diabetes.
Cod liver oil is another significant product derived from animals.

ADMINISTRATION ROUTES

Various routes include vaginal, ophthalmic, nasal, and otic administration.
A substance is delivered into the body through these paths, affecting its action and timing.

PHARMACOKINETICS

Refers to the movement and absorption of drugs within the body.
Bioavailability indicates the degree to which a drug reaches circulation, varying by administration route.
Intravenous route offers 100% bioavailability, making it the fastest method, bypassing metabolic processes in the liver.

DOSAGE FORMS

Local application involves topical products like pastes, powders, and creams.
Systemic routes include enteral (oral, rectal) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular).
Oral dosage forms comprise tablets, capsules, suspensions, and lozenges.
Topical dosage forms include ointments, gels, creams, and foams.
Vaginal dosage forms are used for contraceptives or treatment, including creams and suppositories.
New drug delivery systems include implants, films, strips, and special formulations for prolonged release.

ELIMINATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY

The kidneys are essential for the elimination of substances; diseases can impair this process.
Active transport mechanisms facilitate the movement of drugs across cell membranes, often requiring carrier proteins.
Techniques like endocytosis allow cells to engulf drugs, especially in cancer treatments.

FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ACTION

Drug absorption is influenced by solubility, concentration in blood, and route of administration.
Age, sex, race, and body weight can affect individual drug responses and tolerances.

ADVERSE EFFECTS

Any unintended consequences of medication use classified into side effects (expected) and serious adverse reactions.
Clark's and Young's Rules provide guidelines for calculating pediatric doses based on weight and age.

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Description

This quiz covers essential biological compounds derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Explore the roles of alkaloids, glycosides, antibiotics, and insulin in human health. Test your knowledge on their origins and administration routes.