Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which dosage form is primarily used for delivering drugs into the lungs?
Which dosage form is primarily used for delivering drugs into the lungs?
- Vaginal gels
- Intravenous emulsions
- Suppositories
- Aerosols (correct)
What is a characteristic of vaginal dosage forms?
What is a characteristic of vaginal dosage forms?
- They are typically used for systemic circulation.
- They are intended for use in the vaginal cavity. (correct)
- They are always in liquid form.
- They include only tablets and creams.
What type of new drug delivery system involves placing materials under the skin for prolonged drug release?
What type of new drug delivery system involves placing materials under the skin for prolonged drug release?
- Implants (correct)
- Suppositories
- Ointments
- Aerosols
Which of the following is NOT a vaginal dosage form?
Which of the following is NOT a vaginal dosage form?
Which drug delivery method is exemplified by products like salonpas?
Which drug delivery method is exemplified by products like salonpas?
What plant-derived compound is known for being bitter and having a nitrogen component?
What plant-derived compound is known for being bitter and having a nitrogen component?
Which of the following routes of administration provides 100% bioavailability of a drug?
Which of the following routes of administration provides 100% bioavailability of a drug?
Which component is responsible for the maternal exchange of nutrients in humans?
Which component is responsible for the maternal exchange of nutrients in humans?
Which antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming?
Which antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming?
What is the primary function of insulin obtained from the pancreas of pigs?
What is the primary function of insulin obtained from the pancreas of pigs?
What term describes the vomiting process used to remove toxins or overdose substances from the body?
What term describes the vomiting process used to remove toxins or overdose substances from the body?
What type of drug is naloxone classified as?
What type of drug is naloxone classified as?
Which category of drugs is typically applied locally to the skin?
Which category of drugs is typically applied locally to the skin?
What is a characteristic of enteral administration?
What is a characteristic of enteral administration?
Which of the following is an example of a parenteral dosage form?
Which of the following is an example of a parenteral dosage form?
Which route of administration is associated with systemic effects through the lungs?
Which route of administration is associated with systemic effects through the lungs?
What distinguishes topical dosage forms from other administration routes?
What distinguishes topical dosage forms from other administration routes?
What is a common form of an enteral dosage form?
What is a common form of an enteral dosage form?
Which of these options is considered a rectal dosage form?
Which of these options is considered a rectal dosage form?
Which dosage form is typically used for drugs that require a long-acting effect?
Which dosage form is typically used for drugs that require a long-acting effect?
Which of the following accurately represents the purpose of dosage forms?
Which of the following accurately represents the purpose of dosage forms?
What role do carrier proteins play in active transport?
What role do carrier proteins play in active transport?
Which factor can affect the rate of drug elimination?
Which factor can affect the rate of drug elimination?
Why might absorption rates differ between elderly and pediatric patients?
Why might absorption rates differ between elderly and pediatric patients?
What is a primary consideration regarding the solubility of drugs affecting absorption?
What is a primary consideration regarding the solubility of drugs affecting absorption?
What is bioavailability related to in pharmacology?
What is bioavailability related to in pharmacology?
How does endocytosis function in the context of drug administration?
How does endocytosis function in the context of drug administration?
What is a significant limitation when checking drug concentrations in the body?
What is a significant limitation when checking drug concentrations in the body?
What does facilitated diffusion require for transport of molecules?
What does facilitated diffusion require for transport of molecules?
What is one disadvantage of using EMLA as a local anesthetic?
What is one disadvantage of using EMLA as a local anesthetic?
Which of the following factors does NOT modify drug action?
Which of the following factors does NOT modify drug action?
In using Young's rule for calculating pediatric doses, what is the formula?
In using Young's rule for calculating pediatric doses, what is the formula?
What describes 'adverse effects' of drug administration?
What describes 'adverse effects' of drug administration?
According to Clark's rule, which of the following formulations is used to calculate pediatric doses for children based on weight in pounds?
According to Clark's rule, which of the following formulations is used to calculate pediatric doses for children based on weight in pounds?
What is a common reason for reduced response to cardiovascular drugs in Black individuals?
What is a common reason for reduced response to cardiovascular drugs in Black individuals?
What is an advantage of using EMLA as a local anesthetic?
What is an advantage of using EMLA as a local anesthetic?
How does body weight modify drug action?
How does body weight modify drug action?
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Study Notes
PLANTS
- Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds containing one nitrogen, often bitter. Example: caffeine.
- Glycosides consist of one or more sugar components.
- Oils can be derived from plants, but mineral oil originates from petroleum.
HUMAN COMPONENTS
- Key components include placenta, blood, and immunoglobulin (Ig).
- The placenta functions as an exchange system for maternal nutrients and stem cells.
MICROORGANISMS
- Major source of most antibiotics, such as penicillin and vaccines (e.g., COVID-19).
- Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the mold Penicillium notatum.
ANIMALS
- Insulin for diabetes management is obtained from the pancreas of pigs, closely matching human insulin for compatibility, particularly for Type 1 diabetes.
- Cod liver oil is another significant product derived from animals.
ADMINISTRATION ROUTES
- Various routes include vaginal, ophthalmic, nasal, and otic administration.
- A substance is delivered into the body through these paths, affecting its action and timing.
PHARMACOKINETICS
- Refers to the movement and absorption of drugs within the body.
- Bioavailability indicates the degree to which a drug reaches circulation, varying by administration route.
- Intravenous route offers 100% bioavailability, making it the fastest method, bypassing metabolic processes in the liver.
DOSAGE FORMS
- Local application involves topical products like pastes, powders, and creams.
- Systemic routes include enteral (oral, rectal) and parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular).
- Oral dosage forms comprise tablets, capsules, suspensions, and lozenges.
- Topical dosage forms include ointments, gels, creams, and foams.
- Vaginal dosage forms are used for contraceptives or treatment, including creams and suppositories.
- New drug delivery systems include implants, films, strips, and special formulations for prolonged release.
ELIMINATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY
- The kidneys are essential for the elimination of substances; diseases can impair this process.
- Active transport mechanisms facilitate the movement of drugs across cell membranes, often requiring carrier proteins.
- Techniques like endocytosis allow cells to engulf drugs, especially in cancer treatments.
FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ACTION
- Drug absorption is influenced by solubility, concentration in blood, and route of administration.
- Age, sex, race, and body weight can affect individual drug responses and tolerances.
ADVERSE EFFECTS
- Any unintended consequences of medication use classified into side effects (expected) and serious adverse reactions.
- Clark's and Young's Rules provide guidelines for calculating pediatric doses based on weight and age.
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