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Questions and Answers
What was the major limitation of the Two Kingdom system of classification?
What was the major limitation of the Two Kingdom system of classification?
Who is considered the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification?
Who is considered the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification?
What characteristic was used by Aristotle to classify plants?
What characteristic was used by Aristotle to classify plants?
Who proposed a Five Kingdom Classification system?
Who proposed a Five Kingdom Classification system?
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What is one of the main criteria used by R.H. Whittaker for classification?
What is one of the main criteria used by R.H. Whittaker for classification?
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What is one of the limitations of the classification system developed by Linnaeus?
What is one of the limitations of the classification system developed by Linnaeus?
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What is the main characteristic that unified the 'Plants' kingdom in earlier classification systems?
What is the main characteristic that unified the 'Plants' kingdom in earlier classification systems?
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What is one of the features of the Five Kingdom Classification system?
What is one of the features of the Five Kingdom Classification system?
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Why were fungi placed in a separate kingdom?
Why were fungi placed in a separate kingdom?
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Why was the Two Kingdom system of classification found inadequate?
Why was the Two Kingdom system of classification found inadequate?
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What is the main advantage of the five-kingdom classification system?
What is the main advantage of the five-kingdom classification system?
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What was the main issue with the earlier classification system that placed bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms under 'Plants'?
What was the main issue with the earlier classification system that placed bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms under 'Plants'?
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What is the main reason why Chlamydomonas and Amoeba were placed in the same kingdom in the five-kingdom classification?
What is the main reason why Chlamydomonas and Amoeba were placed in the same kingdom in the five-kingdom classification?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to distinguish between the kingdoms in the five-kingdom classification?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to distinguish between the kingdoms in the five-kingdom classification?
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What led to the grouping of all prokaryotic organisms together under Kingdom Monera?
What led to the grouping of all prokaryotic organisms together under Kingdom Monera?
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Why were Paramoecium and Amoeba, which lack cell walls, placed in Kingdom Protista?
Why were Paramoecium and Amoeba, which lack cell walls, placed in Kingdom Protista?
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Study Notes
Classification of Organisms
- Aristotle attempted to establish a scientific basis for classification, using simple morphological characters to group plants into trees, shrubs, and herbs, and animals into two groups based on the presence or absence of red blood.
Two Kingdom System of Classification
- The Two Kingdom system, developed in Linnaeus' time, categorized all living organisms into either Plantae (plants) or Animalia (animals) kingdoms.
- This system did not distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms, and photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms.
Limitations of the Two Kingdom System
- The Two Kingdom system was found to be inadequate, as it did not account for a large number of organisms that did not fit into either category.
- There was a need to include other characteristics, such as cell structure, nature of wall, mode of nutrition, habitat, methods of reproduction, and evolutionary relationships, in the classification system.
Five Kingdom Classification
- R.H. Whittaker proposed a Five Kingdom Classification system in 1969, which included the kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
- The main criteria for classification used by Whittaker included cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.
Characteristics of the Five Kingdoms
- Table 2.1 provides a comparative account of the different characteristics of the five kingdoms.
Evolution of Classification Systems
- The understanding of what groups/organisms belong to each kingdom has changed over time, and different scientists have proposed different classification systems.
- The three-domain system has also been proposed, which divides the Kingdom Monera into two domains and leaves the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain.
Issues with Earlier Classification Systems
- Earlier classification systems grouped together organisms with cell walls, including bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, under the 'Plants' kingdom.
- This classification system did not differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, unicellular and multicellular organisms, and heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms.
Changes in Classification Systems
- The classification system changed to include characteristics such as cell structure, mode of nutrition, and phylogenetic relationships, leading to the separation of fungi into a separate kingdom and the grouping of unicellular eukaryotic organisms into Kingdom Protista.
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Description
Learn about the history of biological classification, from Aristotle's early attempts to Linnaeus' Two Kingdom system, and understand the development of classification systems.
