NCERT - Biological Classification - 24 - 25
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Questions and Answers

Who was the earliest scientist to attempt a more scientific basis for classification of living organisms?

  • Darwin
  • Linnaeus
  • Carl Woese
  • Aristotle (correct)

    • The Two Kingdom system created by Linnaeus included distinct categories for unicellular and multicellular organisms.

    False

    What were the two main kingdoms in Linnaeus' classification system?

    Plantae and Animalia

    Aristotle classified animals into two groups: those with _____ blood and those without.

    <p>red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with their significance in classification:

    <p>Cell structure = Distinguishes between eukaryotes and prokaryotes Mode of nutrition = Identifies autotrophs and heterotrophs Habitat = Determines environmental adaptations Reproductive methods = Classifies organisms based on reproduction type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms?

    <p>Kingdom Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria are classified under Kingdom Fungi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining composition difference between the cell walls of fungi and green plants?

    <p>Fungi have chitin in their walls, while green plants have a cellulosic cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All prokaryotic organisms are grouped together under the Kingdom ______.

    <p>Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Bacteria = Most abundant micro-organisms Chlamydomonas = Unicellular green algae Fungi = Chitin in cell walls Plants = Cellulosic cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is NOT included in the Kingdom Protista?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification of living organisms will not change in the future.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one extreme habitat where bacteria can be found.

    <p>Hot springs, deserts, snow, or deep oceans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is known for living in extreme environments?

    <p>Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following kingdoms is characterized by prokaryotic cell type?

    <p>Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All bacteria are autotrophic organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both Fungi and Plantae kingdoms have cell walls made of cellulose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main shapes of bacteria?

    <p>Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the classification system proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969.

    <p>Five Kingdom Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria that depend on dead organic matter for food are called __________.

    <p>heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Five Kingdom Classification, __________ organisms are heterotrophic and do not have a cell wall.

    <p>Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Eubacteria?

    <p>Presence of a rigid cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes organisms that can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic?

    <p>Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of bacteria with their descriptions:

    <p>Cocci = Spherical shape Bacillus = Rod-shaped Vibrio = Comma-shaped Spirillum = Spiral shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanobacteria are known to be photosynthetic autotrophs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:

    <p>Monera = Prokaryotic, noncellulosic cell wall Fungi = Multicellular or loose tissue, heterotrophic Plantae = Eukaryotic, autotrophic, cell wall made of cellulose Animalia = Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, no cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do methanogens produce in the guts of ruminant animals?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criteria used for the classification in Whittaker's system?

    <p>Cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction, phylogenetic relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three-domain system divides the Kingdom Monera into two domains.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are diatoms known for in their habitat?

    <p>Leaving behind indestructible silica cell wall deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinoflagellates have a cell wall made of silica plates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common example of a euglena.

    <p>Euglena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Slime moulds form an aggregation called ______, which can grow and spread over several feet.

    <p>plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is caused by red dinoflagellates undergoing rapid multiplication?

    <p>Red tides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euglenoids can only survive in the presence of sunlight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of protists with their characteristics:

    <p>Diatoms = Indestructible silica cell walls Dinoflagellates = Rapid multiplication causing red tides Euglenoids = Flexible pellicle instead of a cell wall Slime moulds = Saprophytic and form plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protozoans are ______ and live as either predators or parasites.

    <p>heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant impacts of heterotrophic bacteria on human affairs?

    <p>They cause diseases like cholera and typhoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycoplasma are known for having a cell wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do bacteria primarily reproduce by?

    <p>fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under __________.

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of protists to their characteristics:

    <p>Diatoms = Usually have silica-based cell walls Dinoflagellates = Can cause algal blooms Euglenoids = Have characteristics of both plants and animals Slime moulds = Form aggregations that can move and feed together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protists is commonly found in both fresh and marine water?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a well-known disease caused by bacteria?

    <p>cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protists exclusively reproduce asexually.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diatomaceous earth primarily formed from?

    <p>Cell wall deposits of diatoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dinoflagellates have a flexible cell wall made of pellicle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon can occur due to rapid multiplication of red dinoflagellates?

    <p>Red tide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euglenoids can behave like __________ when sunlight is not available.

    <p>heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following protists with their characteristics:

    <p>Diatoms = Indestructible silica-based walls Dinoflagellates = Cellulose plates and two flagella Euglenoids = Protein-rich pellicle and flexible body Slime Moulds = Saprophytic and form plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes slime moulds?

    <p>Heterotrophs that live on decaying organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All protozoans are autotrophs that primarily produce their own food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell walls of diatoms are embedded with __________.

    <p>silica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoan group is characterized by the use of pseudopodia for movement?

    <p>Amoeboid protozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi are unicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cell walls of fungi?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trypanosoma, a parasitic protozoan, is known to cause __________.

    <p>sleeping sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the kingdom Plantae?

    <p>Contains chlorophyll and has cell walls made of cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of protozoans with their examples:

    <p>Amoeboid protozoans = Amoeba Flagellated protozoans = Trypanosoma Ciliated protozoans = Paramoecium Sporozoans = Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are considered living organisms because they have a cell structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a saprophytic fungus.

    <p>Trichoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a habitat where fungi can be found?

    <p>Dry deserts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are examples of __________ plants.

    <p>insectivorous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliated protozoans have a single flagellum for movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of organisms with their characteristics:

    <p>Saprophytes = Decomposers of dead organic material Insectivorous plants = Plants that trap and digest insects Eukaryotic organisms = Organisms with complex cell structure Viruses = Acellular and parasitic particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by a network of hyphae in fungi called?

    <p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon refers to the alternation of diploid and haploid phases in plants?

    <p>Alternation of generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Higher forms of animals do not have elaborate sensory mechanisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of nutrition in animals?

    <p>Holozoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic material can viruses contain?

    <p>Either RNA or DNA, but not both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are considered cellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did M. W. Beijerinek use to describe the new pathogen he discovered?

    <p>virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A virus is a type of __________, which is defined as an obligate parasite.

    <p>nucleoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of viruses with their characteristics:

    <p>Tobacco Mosaic Virus = Infects plants Bacteriophage = Infects bacteria AIDS virus = Infects humans Herpes virus = Causes skin infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects the nucleic acid within a virus?

    <p>Capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can replicate independently without a host cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of viruses generally infect bacteria?

    <p>bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are diatoms primarily known for producing?

    <p>Diatomaceous earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euglenoids can only survive in the presence of sunlight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the phenomenon caused by the rapid multiplication of dinoflagellates?

    <p>Red tides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Slime moulds form an aggregation called ______, which can grow and spread over several feet.

    <p>plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms to their primary features:

    <p>Diatoms = Indestructible silica cell walls Dinoflagellates = Cell wall with cellulose plates Euglenoids = Flexible pellicle instead of a cell wall Slime Moulds = Saprophytic and forms plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding protozoans?

    <p>Protozoans live as predators or parasites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diatoms are the chief producers in freshwater environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do dinoflagellates release during red tide events that can harm marine life?

    <p>Toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protozoan is characterized by the presence of flagella?

    <p>Flagellated protozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi are unicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disease caused by a parasitic protozoan.

    <p>Sleeping sickness or malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi reproduce through spores that are often formed in _______ structures.

    <p>fruiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fungi with their characteristics:

    <p>Yeast = Unicellular and used in bread making Mushroom = Multicellular and commonly eaten Penicillium = Source of antibiotics Puccinia = Fungal disease causing wheat rust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a group of protozoans?

    <p>Mycelium protozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell walls of fungi are primarily made of cellulose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of sporozoans in their life cycle?

    <p>Infectious spore-like stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of fungal cell walls?

    <p>Chitin and polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi reproduce exclusively through sexual reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes fungi that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter?

    <p>saprophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi that depend on living plants and animals are called ______.

    <p>parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of spore used in fungal reproduction with its description:

    <p>Conidia = Asexual reproduction spores Sporangiospores = Spores produced in sporangium Zoospores = Motile spores for asexual reproduction Ascospores = Sexual reproduction spores formed in ascospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fungi undergoes a dikaryotic phase during sexual reproduction?

    <p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyphae of all fungi are typically septate (have septa).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of nuclear fusion in sexually reproducing fungi is called ______.

    <p>karyogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the asexual spores produced by ascomycetes called?

    <p>Conidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basidiomycetes produce sexual spores that are called ascospores.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that defines deuteromycetes?

    <p>Only asexual or vegetative phases are known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurospora is extensively used in ________ and genetic work.

    <p>biochemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fungal groups with their descriptions:

    <p>Ascomycetes = Produce ascospores in sac-like asci Basidiomycetes = Include mushrooms and puffballs Deuteromycetes = Reproduce only by conidia Neurospora = Used in biochemical and genetic research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of basidiomycetes?

    <p>Possess dikaryotic mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ascomycetes can be both unicellular and multicellular organisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a beneficial ascomycete.

    <p>Penicillium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is an example of a saprophyte?

    <p>Trichoderma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All members of Kingdom Plantae contain chlorophyll.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon that describes the alternating phases of the plant life cycle?

    <p>alternation of generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells of Kingdom Animalia lack __________.

    <p>cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the examples with their categories in the Kingdom Plantae:

    <p>Bladderwort = Insectivorous plant Cuscuta = Parasitic plant Alternaria = Fungi Trichoderma = Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrition do members of Kingdom Animalia predominantly exhibit?

    <p>Holozoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are considered living organisms according to traditional classification.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of an insectivorous plant.

    <p>Venus fly trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the virus's protective coat?

    <p>Capsomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All viruses contain both RNA and DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of viral infections in plants?

    <p>Mosaic formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are classified as __________ parasites.

    <p>obligate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the virus types with their genetic material:

    <p>Tobacco Mosaic Virus = Single stranded RNA Bacteriophage = Double stranded DNA AIDS virus = Single or double stranded RNA Smallpox virus = Double stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist first recognized viruses as a cause of tobacco mosaic disease?

    <p>Dmitri Ivanowsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can reproduce independently outside of a host cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'virus' mean in Latin?

    <p>Venom or poisonous fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do heterotrophic bacteria primarily play in nature?

    <p>Decomposers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycoplasma have a cell wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one well-known disease caused by bacteria.

    <p>Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the Protista kingdom are primarily __________.

    <p>aquatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of Protista with their characteristics:

    <p>Chrysophytes = Includes diatoms and golden algae Dinoflagellates = Known for their bioluminescence Euglenoids = Can photosynthesize and move with flagella Slime moulds = Form aggregates during life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant way that bacteria reproduce?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protists exclusively reproduce asexually.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do some bacteria undergo under unfavorable conditions?

    <p>spore formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes organisms that lack a cell wall?

    <p>Kingdom Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All bacteria belong to the Kingdom Monera.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinctive component is found in the cell walls of fungi?

    <p>chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kingdom __________ includes unicellular organisms like Paramecium and Amoeba.

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:

    <p>Kingdom Monera = Prokaryotic organisms Kingdom Fungi = Heterotrophic with chitin cell walls Kingdom Plantae = Autotrophic with cellulose cell walls Kingdom Protista = Unicellular eukaryotic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for changes in classification systems over time?

    <p>Improvement in understanding of characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanobacteria are classified under Kingdom Fungi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one extreme habitat where bacteria can survive.

    <p>hot springs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of movement for amoeboid protozoans?

    <p>Pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliated protozoans have thousands of flagella for movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one disease caused by flagellated protozoans.

    <p>Sleeping sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi are primarily __________ organisms.

    <p>heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of protozoan to its characteristic.

    <p>Amoeboid = Moves using pseudopodia Flagellated = Has one or more flagella Ciliated = Moves using cilia Sporozoans = Has an infectious spore-like stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example is a unicellular fungus used in food production?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyphae are the root structures of fungi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network of hyphae in fungi called?

    <p>Mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrition do organisms in Kingdom Animalia primarily exhibit?

    <p>Holozoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All members of Kingdom Plantae possess cell walls made of cellulose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of an insectivorous plant.

    <p>Venus fly trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Members of the Kingdom Fungi can be classified as __________ or __________.

    <p>saprophytes, parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:

    <p>Kingdom Fungi = Eukaryotic organisms with cell walls made of chitin Kingdom Plantae = Eukaryotic autotrophs with chloroplasts Kingdom Animalia = Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes Viruses = Acellular infectious agents that do not possess a cellular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the phenomenon where plant life cycles alternate between diploid and haploid phases?

    <p>Alternation of generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are classified as living organisms because they possess a cellular structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of cell walls in plants?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic did Aristotle primarily use to classify living organisms?

    <p>Morphological characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification system developed by Linnaeus included separate categories for eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one characteristic that was considered inadequate in the Two Kingdom classification system.

    <p>Cell structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In classification, organisms that are classified as __________ are those that obtain their food from living or dead organic matter.

    <p>heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classification systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Two Kingdoms = Plantae and Animalia Five Kingdoms = Includes Monera Three Domains = Divides Monera into two domains Linnaean System = Based on morphological traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom is characterized by prokaryotic cell types?

    <p>Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All kingdoms in the Five Kingdom Classification system are eukaryotic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one mode of nutrition for organisms classified under Fungi.

    <p>Saprophytic or Parasitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms in the kingdom ________ are generally autotrophic and contain chlorophyll.

    <p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom includes multicellular organisms that are primarily heterotrophic?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:

    <p>Monera = Prokaryotic cell type Fungi = Heterotrophic, cell wall with chitin Plantae = Eukaryotic, autotrophic with cellulose in cell wall Animalia = Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, no cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three-domain system includes the classification of Monera into two separate domains.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main criteria for the Five Kingdom Classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker?

    <p>Cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protozoans is known for moving and capturing prey using pseudopodia?

    <p>Amoeboid protozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi are unicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are known for living in extreme environments?

    <p>Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common example of a ciliated protozoan.

    <p>Paramecium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The network of hyphae in fungi is known as __________.

    <p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria synthesize their own food using inorganic substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fungi with their examples:

    <p>Yeast = Used in bread making Mushrooms = Common edible fungi Penicillium = Source of antibiotics Puccinia = Causes wheat rust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria in the ecosystem?

    <p>Recycling nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria can be classified based on shape into Coccus, Bacillus, ________, and Spirillum.

    <p>Vibrio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoan is associated with causing sleeping sickness?

    <p>Trypanosoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sporozoans have an infectious pore-like stage in their life cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of bacteria with their descriptions:

    <p>Coccus = Spherical shape Bacillus = Rod-shaped Vibrio = Comma-shaped Spirillum = Spiral shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are characterized by a different cell wall structure that allows them to survive in harsh conditions?

    <p>Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hyphae in fungi are characterized by having cross walls?

    <p>septate hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of bacteria are autotrophic organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

    <p>Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spores are produced endogenously in ascomycetes?

    <p>Ascospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All basidiomycetes reproduce asexually through spores.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of an organism classified as an ascomycete.

    <p>Penicillium or Saccharomyces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mycelium of basidiomycetes is __________ and septate.

    <p>branched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of fungi with their characteristics:

    <p>Ascomycetes = Produce sac-like asci Basidiomycetes = Form basidiocarps Deuteromycetes = Imperfect fungi known only by asexual reproduction Neurospora = Used extensively in genetic work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding deuteromycetes?

    <p>Only asexual or vegetative phases are known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Morels and truffles, belonging to ascomycetes, are considered delicacies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mycelium is characteristic of ascomycetes?

    <p>Branched and septate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of fungi is primarily characterized by their mode of sexual reproduction?

    <p>Basidiomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are included in the five kingdom system of classification.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'algal bloom'.

    <p>A rapid increase in the population of algae in water bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Kingdom that includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms is known as ______.

    <p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following classes of Protozoa with their characteristics:

    <p>Amoeba = Shape-shifting, pseudopodia movement Paramecium = Ciliated for movement Euglena = Autotrophic and can move via flagella Plasmodium = Causes malaria, non-motile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics differentiates Kingdom Fungi from Kingdom Plantae?

    <p>Presence of chitin in cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of bacteria are known for living in extreme environments?

    <p>Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All prokaryotic organisms are placed in Kingdom Fungi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that brought together unicellular and multicellular organisms under the same classification in the Whittaker system?

    <p>Morphological and physiological similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterotrophic bacteria can synthesize their own food from inorganic substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a bacterium that can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

    <p>Nostoc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria are primarily classified under the Kingdom ______.

    <p>Monera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bacterial shape that is rod-shaped is called __________.

    <p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following kingdoms with their characteristics:

    <p>Kingdom Monera = Prokaryotic organisms Kingdom Protista = Unicellular eukaryotic organisms Kingdom Fungi = Heterotrophic organisms with chitin walls Kingdom Plantae = Autotrophic organisms with cellulose walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bacterial groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Archaebacteria = Can survive in extreme conditions Eubacteria = True bacteria with rigid cell walls Cyanobacteria = Photosynthetic autotrophs Heterotrophic bacteria = Depend on other organisms for food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is incorrectly categorized with its kingdom?

    <p>Amoeba - Kingdom Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria?

    <p>Recycling nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of bacteria are only found in extreme environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanobacteria are unicellular and only present in marine environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common example of a habitat where bacteria can thrive?

    <p>Soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do methanogens produce as a byproduct in the gut of ruminant animals?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about ascomycetes?

    <p>They produce asexual spores called conidia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basidiomycetes reproduce asexually through the production of basidiospores.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spores do deuteromycetes produce?

    <p>Asexual spores known as conidia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sexual spores of ascomycetes are called __________.

    <p>ascospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a basidiomycete?

    <p>Agaricus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fungi with their characteristics:

    <p>Ascomycetes = Produce asci and ascospores Basidiomycetes = Known for mushrooms and basidiospores Deuteromycetes = Only asexual phases known Neurospora = Used in biochemical and genetic work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All members of ascomycetes are considered edible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes are called __________.

    <p>basidiocarps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following protozoans is known to cause sleeping sickness?

    <p>Trypanosoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi are unicellular organisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of movement used by amoeboid protozoans to capture their prey?

    <p>pseudopodia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The network of hyphae in fungi is known as ______.

    <p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of protozoans with their characteristics:

    <p>Dinoflagellates = Known for causing red tides Euglena = Contains chloroplasts and can photosynthesize Ciliated protozoans = Move using cilia Sporozoans = Includes malaria-causing Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi includes the organisms that are often used to produce antibiotics?

    <p>Ascomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi can thrive in both warm and cold environments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of eukaryotic organism is known for forming infectious spores during its life cycle?

    <p>sporozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Classification

    • Aristotle was the first to attempt a scientific classification of living organisms
    • Linnaeus created a Two Kingdom system of classification, separating plants and animals
    • The Two Kingdom system was inadequate, as many organisms did not fit into either category
    • Whittaker proposed a Five Kingdom system, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
    • The Five Kingdom system considers criteria like cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogeny
    • The Three Domain system further divides the Monera kingdom into two domains, leaving the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain

    Kingdom Monera: Bacteria

    • Bacteria are ubiquitous, found in diverse habitats including soil, water, and even extreme environments like hot springs and deserts
    • Bacteria are classified by shape: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), vibrio (comma-shaped), and spirillum (spiral)
    • Some bacteria are autotrophic, producing their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
    • Most bacteria are heterotrophic, relying on other organisms or dead organic matter for food
    • Archaebacteria are specialized bacteria that live in harsh environments (halophiles, thermoacidophiles, methanogens)
    • Eubacteria are "true bacteria" with a rigid cell wall and, if motile, a flagellum
    • Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs with chlorophyll a, making them similar to plants

    Kingdom Protista: Diverse Eukaryotes

    • Protists are eukaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms
    • Protists are grouped into four main categories: algae, protozoa, slime moulds, and dinoflagellates
    • Algae are mostly autotrophic, with different pigments depending on species
    • Diatoms are algae with silica-embedded cell walls, making them tough and contributing to diatomaceous earth
    • Dinoflagellates are mostly marine, photosynthetic organisms with stiff cellulose plates on their surface
    • Euglenoids are flexible protists with a pellicle, allowing them to change shape
    • Slime moulds are saprophytic protists that feed on decaying matter, forming a plasmodium during favourable conditions
    • Protozoans are heterotrophic protists living as predators or parasites

    Bacteria

    • Heterotrophic bacteria are abundant in nature
    • They are decomposers
    • They are helpful in food production and medicine
    • Some are pathogens
    • Bacteria reproduce primarily by fission
    • Under unfavorable conditions, they produce spores
    • They can also reproduce sexually by transferring DNA between bacteria
    • Mycoplasma are bacteria that lack cell walls
    • Mycoplasma are the smallest living cells known
    • Mycoplasma can survive without oxygen
    • Many mycoplasma are pathogenic in animals and plants

    Protista

    • Protista are single-celled eukaryotes
    • The kingdom is not well defined
    • The group includes Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime Moulds and Protozoans
    • Most are aquatic
    • They contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
    • Some have flagella or cilia
    • They reproduce asexually and sexually
    • Sexual reproduction involves cell fusion and zygote formation

    Chrysophytes

    • This group includes diatoms and golden algae
    • They are found in freshwater and marine environments
    • They are microscopic and float passively in water currents
    • Most are photosynthetic
    • They have cell walls made of silica
    • Diatoms are the chief 'producers' in the oceans

    Dinoflagellates

    • They are mostly marine and photosynthetic
    • They can be various colors depending on their pigments
    • The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates
    • They have two flagella
    • Red dinoflagellates can multiply rapidly, causing red tides
    • Toxins released by red tides can kill marine animals

    Euglenoids

    • They are mostly freshwater organisms found in stagnant water
    • They have a protein-rich layer called pellicle instead of a cell wall
    • They have two flagella
    • They can be photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight
    • They can also behave like heterotrophs when sunlight is absent

    Slime Moulds

    • They are saprophytic protists
    • They move along decaying material
    • They form an aggregation called plasmodium under favorable conditions
    • They form fruiting bodies with resistant spores during unfavorable conditions

    Protozoans

    • They are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites
    • They are thought to be primitive relatives of animals
    • Amoeboid protozoans move and capture prey with pseudopodia
    • Flagellated protozoans have flagella and some are parasitic
    • Ciliated protozoans have cilia and a gullet for feeding
    • Sporozoans have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle
    • Plasmodium, a sporozoan, causes malaria

    Fungi

    • They are heterotrophic eukaryotes
    • They are diverse in morphology and habitat
    • Their bodies consist of long, slender threads called hyphae
    • The network of hyphae is called mycelium
    • Some hyphae are multinucleated and others have cross walls
    • They can be saprophytes, parasites, or decomposers

    Plantae

    • This kingdom includes chlorophyll-containing organisms
    • Some members are partially heterotrophic
    • Plant cells have a eukaryotic structure with chloroplasts and cell walls made of cellulose
    • This kingdom includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
    • Plants have an alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte

    Animalia

    • This kingdom includes multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that lack cell walls
    • They depend on plants for food
    • They digest food in an internal cavity
    • They store food reserves as glycogen or fat
    • They have definite growth patterns and adult shapes
    • Higher forms have sensory and neuromotor mechanisms
    • Most are capable of locomotion
    • Sexual reproduction involves copulation and embryological development

    Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens

    • Viruses are non-cellular organisms
    • They have an inert crystalline structure outside the living cell
    • They infect cells and take over their machinery to replicate
    • They can contain RNA or DNA, but not both
    • Viruses cause diseases in plants and animals
    • Viroids are smaller than viruses and consist of only RNA
    • They are also obligate parasites
    • Prions are infectious protein particles
    • They cause diseases like mad cow disease
    • Lichens are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria
    • Fungi provide structure and algae or cyanobacteria provide food through photosynthesis

    Protists

    • Protists are microscopic organisms that float passively in water currents.
    • Most protists are photosynthetic.
    • Diatoms have cell walls made of silica which are indestructible.
    • The accumulation of diatom cell walls over billions of years is called diatomaceous earth.
    • Diatomaceous earth is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
    • Diatoms are the primary producers in oceans.
    • Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and photosynthetic.
    • They can appear yellow, green, brown, blue, or red depending on the pigments present in their cells.
    • Dinoflagellates have stiff cellulose plates on their outer surface.
    • Most dinoflagellates have two flagella - one longitudinal and one transverse.
    • When red dinoflagellates reproduce rapidly, they cause red tides that can kill other marine animals.
    • Euglenoids are mostly freshwater organisms.
    • They have a protein-rich layer called pellicle instead of a cell wall.
    • Euglenoids have two flagella, a short and a long one.
    • Euglenoids are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight but can behave like heterotrophs when deprived of sunlight.
    • Slime moulds are saprophytic protists that engulf organic matter from decaying material.
    • Under suitable conditions, slime moulds form plasmodium, a large mass that can spread over several feet.
    • In unfavorable conditions, plasmodium forms fruiting bodies bearing spores.
    • Slime mould spores are extremely resistant and can survive for many years.
    • They are dispersed by air currents.
    • All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
    • Amoeboid protozoans move and capture prey using pseudopodia (false feet).
    • Some amoebas are parasites.
    • Flagellated protozoans have flagella and can be free-living or parasitic.
    • Parasitic flagellates can cause diseases like sleeping sickness.
    • Ciliated protozoans are aquatic and move using cilia.
    • They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface.
    • Cilia move water and food into the gullet.
    • Sporozoans are diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle.
    • Plasmodium, a sporozoan, causes malaria.

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Fungi are a diverse group of heterotrophic organisms.
    • They are found in various environments, including air, water, soil, on animals, and on plants.
    • Fungi prefer warm and humid places.
    • Most fungi are filamentous, composed of long, slender threads called hyphae.
    • A network of hyphae is called mycelium.
    • Some hyphae are coenocytic, meaning they are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm.
    • Other hyphae have septae (cross walls) in their hyphae.
    • Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin and polysaccharides.
    • Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates (saprophytes).
    • Some fungi depend on living plants or animals (parasites).
    • Fungi can also live as symbionts, forming lichens with algae or mycorrhizae with plant roots.
    • Fungi reproduce through vegetative means (fragmentation, fission, budding), asexual means (spores like conidia, sporangiospores, or zoospores), or sexual means (oospores, ascospores, basidiospores).
    • The various spores are produced in structures called fruiting bodies.
    • The sexual cycle in fungi involves three steps:
      • Plasmogamy: Fusion of protoplasms between two gametes.
      • Karyogamy: Fusion of two nuclei.
      • Meiosis: Reduction division in the zygote resulting in haploid spores.
    • During sexual reproduction, two compatible haploid hyphae fuse.
    • In some fungi, the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells.
    • In other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), a dikaryotic stage occurs (n + n, two nuclei per cell), known as the dikaryon or dikaryophase.
    • Later, the parental nuclei fuse, the cells become diploid, and fruiting bodies with haploid spores are formed.

    Phycomycetes

    • Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats, on decaying wood, and as obligate parasites on plants.
    • Their mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.
    • They reproduce asexually by zoospores (motile) or aplanospores (non-motile).
    • These spores are produced inside sporangium.
    • They reproduce sexually by forming a zygospore through the fusion of two gametes.
    • These gametes can be morphologically similar (isogamous) or dissimilar (anisogamous or oogamous).
    • Examples include Mucor, Rhizopus, and Albugo.

    Ascomycetes

    • Ascomycetes, also known as sac fungi, are mostly multicellular (e.g., Penicillium) but can be unicellular (e.g., yeast).
    • They are saprophytic, parasitic, or coprophilous (growing on dung).
    • Their mycelium is branched and septate.
    • Asexual spores are called conidia, produced exogenously on conidiophores.
    • Sexual spores are called ascospores, produced endogenously in sac-like asci.
    • Asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps.
    • Examples include Aspergillus, Claviceps, and Neurospora.

    Basidiomycetes

    • Basidiomycetes are commonly known as mushrooms, bracket fungi, or puffballs.
    • They are found in soil, on logs, tree stumps, and on living plant bodies as parasites.
    • Their mycelium is branched and septate.
    • Asexual spores are generally absent, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common.
    • They lack sex organs but plasmogamy happens through fusion of two somatic cells of different strains.
    • The resultant structure is dikaryotic, which eventually gives rise to a basidium.
    • Karyogamy and meiosis occur in the basidium, producing four basidiospores.
    • Basidiospores are produced exogenously on the basidium.
    • Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
    • Examples include Agaricus, Ustilago, and Puccinia.

    Deuteromycetes

    • Deuteromycetes are commonly known as imperfect fungi with only known asexual or vegetative phases.
    • They were originally classified as deuteromycetes but once their sexual forms were discovered, they were moved to their appropriate classes.
    • It is possible that the asexual and vegetative stages were given a separate name than the sexual stage.
    • Deuteromycetes reproduce only through asexual spores called conidia.
    • Their mycelium is septate and branched.
    • They are saprophytic, parasitic, or decomposers, playing a role in mineral cycling.
    • Examples include Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma.

    Kingdom Plantae

    • Kingdom Plantae contains all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms, commonly known as plants.
    • Some members are partially heterotrophic, such as insectivorous plants and parasites.
    • Plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell walls mainly made of cellulose.
    • Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
    • Plants have two distinct alternating phases: a diploid sporophytic phase and a haploid gametophytic phase.
    • The length of the haploid and diploid phases and their dependence on each other vary amongst plant groups.
    • This phenomenon is called alternation of generation.

    Kingdom Animalia

    • Kingdom Animalia includes all multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms whose cells lack cell walls.
    • Animals depend directly or indirectly on plants for food.
    • They digest food in an internal cavity and store food reserves as glycogen or fat.
    • Their mode of nutrition is holozoic, meaning they ingest food.
    • Animals follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults with a definite shape and size.
    • Higher animals exhibit elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanisms.
    • Most animals are capable of locomotion.
    • Sexual reproduction involves copulation between male and female, followed by embryonic development.

    Viruses, Viroids, Prions, and Lichens

    • The five-kingdom classification of Whittaker does not include lichens and some acellular organisms like viruses, viroids, and prions.
    • Viruses are not considered truly living organisms because they lack a cellular structure.
    • They are known to affect humans, such as common cold or influenza.

    Five Kingdom Classification

    • A classification system that groups organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
    • The system differentiates organisms based on cell structure, mode of nutrition, and body organization.
    • Prokaryotes are grouped under Kingdom Monera
    • Unicellular eukaryotes are grouped under Kingdom Protista
    • Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom due to their heterotrophic nature and chitinous cell walls.

    Kingdom Monera

    • Consists of prokaryotic organisms, includes bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).
    • Found in diverse habitats, even extreme environments like hot springs, deserts, and deep oceans.
    • Important role in decomposition
    • Some bacteria are involved in beneficial processes like curd production, antibiotic production, and nitrogen fixation
    • Some bacteria are pathogens causing diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tetanus.
    • Mycoplasma are bacteria lacking cell walls, are the smallest living cells known.

    Kingdom Protista

    • Includes all single-celled eukaryotes, but the boundaries are not always clear.
    • Members are primarily aquatic.
    • Includes diverse groups like Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime molds, and Protozoans.
    • Protist cells contain a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Reproduction occurs both asexually and sexually.

    Chrysophytes

    • Includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids).
    • Found in freshwater and marine environments.

    Protozoans

    • Amoeboid protozoans: Move with pseudopodia, live in water, soil, and some are parasitic.
    • Flagellated protozoans: Move with flagella, can be free-living or parasitic.
    • Ciliated protozoans: Move with cilia, have a gullet for feeding.
    • Sporozoans: Have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle, Plasmodium causes malaria.

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Heterotrophic organisms with diverse morphology and habitats.
    • Seen on moist bread, rotten fruits, and as mushrooms.
    • Some fungi are parasitic, causing diseases in plants and animals.
    • Yeast, a unicellular fungus, is used in bread and beer production.
    • Some fungi are sources of antibiotics.
    • Fungi are decomposers, helping in mineral cycling.

    Kingdom Plantae

    • Includes eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms, commonly called plants.
    • Some members are partially heterotrophic like insectivorous plants and parasites.
    • Plant cells have eukaryotic structure, prominent chloroplasts, and cell walls made of cellulose.
    • Includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
    • Life cycle involves an alternation of generations, with diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases.

    Kingdom Animalia

    • Heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes lacking cell walls.
    • Directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.
    • Digest food in an internal cavity and store reserves as glycogen or fat.
    • Holozoic mode of nutrition (by ingestion).
    • Show definite growth patterns and adult forms.
    • Have sensory and neuromotor mechanisms.
    • Most are capable of locomotion.
    • Sexual reproduction through copulation and embryologic development.

    Viruses, Viroids, Prions, and Lichens

    • Viruses, viroids, and prions are acellular organisms not included in the five-kingdom classification.
    • Viruses are non-cellular, inert crystalline structures outside a living cell.
    • They invade host cells and replicate, often killing the host.
    • Viruses contain either RNA or DNA, but not both.
    • They are obligate parasites.
    • Viroids are smaller than viruses and consist of a single, circular strand of RNA.
    • Prions are infectious proteins that cause diseases by misfolding other proteins.
    • Lichens are symbiotic relationships between a fungus and an alga, where the fungus provides structure and the alga provides food.

    Biological Classification

    • Living organisms have been classified since the dawn of civilization.
    • Aristotle classified plants based on morphology into trees, shrubs, and herbs.
    • Aristotle also categorized animals into two groups: those with red blood and those without.
    • Linnaeus developed the Two Kingdom system with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms.
    • The Two Kingdom system did not distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms, or photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms.
    • The Two Kingdom system proved inadequate because many organisms did not fit into either category.
    • R.H. Whittaker proposed the Five Kingdom Classification in 1969.
    • The Five Kingdom Classification includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
    • The Five Kingdom Classification is based on cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.
    • The Three-Domain System re-classified the Kingdom Monera into two domains, leaving the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain.

    Kingdom Monera

    • Monera includes bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
    • Bacteria have a simple structure but complex behavior and show extensive metabolic diversity.
    • Bacteria are categorized based on their shape: Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Vibrium (comma-shaped), and Spirillum (spiral)
    • Bacteria can be autotrophic: synthesizing their own food from inorganic substrates.
    • Bacteria can be heterotrophic: depending on other organisms or dead organic matter for food.
    • Archaebacteria are bacteria that thrive in harsh habitats such as extremely salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles), and marshy areas (methanogens).
    • Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in cell wall structure.
    • Methanogens are present in the gut of ruminant animals and produce methane (biogas).
    • Eubacteria are true bacteria that have a rigid cell wall and, if motile, a flagellum.
    • Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs with chlorophyll a similar to green plants.

    Kingdom Protista

    • Protista includes diverse eukaryotic, mostly unicellular organisms.
    • Protists can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
    • Protists are important in the food chain.
    • Protists can cause diseases.
    • Amoeboid Protozoans move with pseudopodia and capture prey with pseudopodia. Some are parasites – example: Entamoeba.
    • Flagellated Protozoans have flagella for movement. Some forms are parasitic and cause diseases – example: Trypanosoma.
    • Ciliated Protozoans are aquatic and use cilia for movement. They have a cavity (gullet) for feeding. – example: Paramoecium.
    • Sporozoans have an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle.
    • Plasmodium, a sporozoan, causes malaria.

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Fungi are heterotrophic organisms with diverse morphology and habitats.
    • Fungi can be saprophytic, parasitic, or symbiotic.
    • Fungi are important decomposers.
    • Fungi can cause diseases in plants and animals.
    • Fungi are used in food production and industry.
    • Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
    • Mycelium is the network of hyphae that makes up the bodies of fungi.
    • Hyphae are long, thread-like structures that may be multinucleated or have septae.

    Phyla in Fungi

    • Phycomycetes: Mostly aquatic, including water molds and bread molds, with coenocytic hyphae.
    • Ascomycetes: Sac fungi (e.g., Penicillium, Aspergillus, yeasts) with septate hyphae and produce ascospores in asci.
    • Basidiomycetes: Includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs with septate hyphae and produce basidiospores on basidia.
    • Deuteromycetes: Imperfect fungi with only asexual reproduction. They are grouped together because their sexual stage has not been observed.

    Kingdom Monera

    • Kingdom Monera includes all prokaryotes
    • Bacteria are the most abundant microorganisms.
    • Bacteria are found in diverse habitats such as soil, hot springs, deserts, snow, deep oceans, and as parasites.
    • Four categories of bacteria based on their shape: Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrium, and Spirillum.
    • Bacteria exhibit a wide range of metabolic diversity
    • Some bacteria are autotrophic (synthesizing their food from inorganic sources)
    • Others are heterotrophic (dependent on other organisms or dead organic matter for food)

    Archaebacteria

    • Archaebacteria thrive in extreme environments like salty areas, hot springs, and marshy areas.
    • They have distinct cell wall structures that allow them to survive harsh conditions.
    • Methanogens, a type of archaebacteria, are found in the gut of ruminant animals and produce methane.

    Eubacteria

    • Eubacteria are known as "true bacteria."
    • Characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall and flagella (if motile).
    • Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) contain chlorophyll a similar to plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs.
    • Cyanobacteria can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous, and occur in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments.
    • Some cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena.
    • Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidize inorganic substances like nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia, using the released energy for ATP production.
    • They play a crucial role in the recycling of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur.

    Kingdom Protista

    • Kingdom Protista includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi.
    • They exhibit diverse forms of locomotion, nutrition, and reproduction.
    • Examples include:
      • Amoeboid protozoans: Move and capture prey via pseudopodia (e.g., Amoeba). Some are parasitic.
      • Flagellated protozoans: Have flagella for movement. Some are parasitic (e.g., Trypanosoma).
      • Ciliated protozoans: Have cilia for movement and feeding (e.g., Paramoecium).
      • Sporozoans: Have infectious spore-like stages in their life cycle (e.g., Plasmodium, the malarial parasite).

    Kingdom Fungi

    • Fungi are heterotrophic organisms with diverse morphology and habitat.
    • They are saprophytic (decomposers), parasitic, or symbiotic.
    • Many fungi are multicellular with filamentous bodies called hyphae.
    • Hyphae can be continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm (coenocytic) or have septae (cross walls).
    • The network of hyphae is called mycelium.

    Classes of Fungi

    • Phycomycetes: Mostly aquatic fungi, can be saprophytic or parasitic. Have aseptate hyphae (e.g., Mucor).

    • Ascomycetes: Multicellular or unicellular (e.g., yeast). Produce sexual spores (ascospores) within sac-like asci. Examples: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Neurospora.

    • Basidiomycetes: Produce sexual spores (basidiospores) on club-shaped structures called basidia. Examples: mushrooms, bracket fungi, rusts, and smuts.

    • Deuteromycetes: Fungi with only the asexual or vegetative stage known. Once perfect stages are discovered, they are often moved to other classes (e.g., ascomycetes, basidiomycetes).

    Kingdom Plantae

    • Kingdom Plantae includes all chlorophyll-containing eukaryotic organisms.
    • This includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
    • Plant life cycles exhibit alternation of generations (gametophyte and sporophyte stages).

    Kingdom Animalia

    • Kingdom Animalia includes all heterotrophic eukaryotic multicellular organisms that lack cell walls.
    • Their mode of nutrition is holozoic (ingestion of food), and they primarily reproduce sexually.

    Other Organisms Not Included in the Five-Kingdom System

    • Viruses and viroids are acellular entities that are not part of the five-kingdom system.
    • Lichens are composite organisms formed by a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (mycobiont) and an alga (phycobiont).

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    Biological Classification PDF

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    Explore the evolution of biological classification from Aristotle's initial attempts to modern systems like the Three Domain model. Learn about the characteristics of the Five Kingdom system and delve into the diverse world of bacteria within the Monera kingdom.

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