Biological Anthropology Overview
105 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does Biological Anthropology primarily focus on?

  • Study of ancient artifacts and societies
  • Study of human biology and evolution (correct)
  • Study of languages and their cultural impacts
  • Study of learned behaviors in cultures

Which subfield of Biological Anthropology studies our closest relatives?

  • Primatology (correct)
  • Bioarchaeology
  • Osteology
  • Paleoanthropology

What is a unique adaptation of humans that evolved roughly 6 million years ago?

  • Bipedalism (correct)
  • Complex language
  • Material culture
  • Non-honing chewing

Which of the following is a disadvantage of bipedalism?

<p>Slower speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the scientific method's second step?

<p>Formulating a testable hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred around 11,000 years ago affecting human biology and society?

<p>The shift to farming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of humans allows for complex communication?

<p>Speech and language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Osteology primarily study?

<p>Human remains and skeletons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is DNA primarily organized into?

<p>Chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells contain a full set of DNA?

<p>Somatic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process produces four unique haploid cells?

<p>Meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During protein synthesis, which molecule carries the genetic code from DNA?

<p>mRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily responsible for the introduction of new genetic material into a population?

<p>Mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes genetic drift?

<p>Random changes in allele frequencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sexual selection phenomenon is characterized by non-random mating based on perceived attractiveness?

<p>Mate choice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of trait results from the influence of multiple genes?

<p>Polygenic trait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

<p>It changes significantly across generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of selection is demonstrated when certain traits increase an organism's reproductive success?

<p>Natural selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the observable characteristics of an organism that are determined by its genotype called?

<p>Phenotypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where a population's genetic diversity is reduced due to a drastic reduction in size?

<p>Genetic bottleneck (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do alleles relate to genes?

<p>Alleles are different versions of a gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves DNA being copied into mRNA?

<p>Transcription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

<p>A hypothesis is a testable guess, while a theory is an explanation based on evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes natural selection?

<p>It favors individuals with advantageous traits in a specific environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Lamarck's theory was later disproven by Mendel's work?

<p>Traits can be acquired through use or disuse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA play in an organism's biology?

<p>DNA encodes traits and enables biological variation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts did Darwin synthesize from his observations during his voyage?

<p>Variation among individuals can influence survival rates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Mendel to Darwin’s theory of evolution?

<p>Mendel clarified that traits are inherited as discrete units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe good science?

<p>Based on untestable claims. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Malthus’ work contribute to Darwin’s understanding of evolution?

<p>It highlighted competition for limited resources as a force in evolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which misconception about falling objects was challenged by scientific observations?

<p>Heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of speciation?

<p>The formation of new species adapted to distinct environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'allele' refer to in genetics?

<p>A variant form of a gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental pressures influence natural selection?

<p>They shape which traits are advantageous for survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept illustrates the difference between junk science and good science?

<p>Good science relies on thorough testing and strong evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Darwin’s observations in the Galápagos Islands is incorrect?

<p>Darwin concluded that species could not adapt over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of injury indicates that healing has occurred before death?

<p>Antemortem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does skeletal robusticity primarily indicate about an individual?

<p>Activity patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of decomposition is often characterized by caked muscles and loss of rigor mortis?

<p>Skeletonization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines biological age in individuals over 20 years?

<p>Joint surface changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are physical differences used to determine biological sex in skeletal remains?

<p>Robusticity differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is utilized to visually reconstruct the facial features of a skeletal remains?

<p>Facial reconstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of analysis was performed on Richard III's DNA to confirm his identity?

<p>Mitochondrial DNA analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which injury type showed evidence of being inflicted around the time of death in Richard III's case?

<p>Perimortem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is often broader in females, assisting in determining biological sex?

<p>Pelvic morphology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the physical deformity associated with Richard III, as evidenced by his remains?

<p>Scoliosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Richard III's skeleton revealed injuries consistent with which cause of death?

<p>Violent death in battle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Richard III's discovery reflected societal attitudes toward him at the time of his death?

<p>Simple burial without grave goods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of using nuclear DNA in forensic analysis?

<p>Degradation over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis emphasizes adaptations that allowed primates to thrive in trees?

<p>Arboreal Hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the replacement of organic materials with minerals over time?

<p>Permineralization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is effective for dating organic materials up to 50,000 years old?

<p>Radiocarbon Dating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key feature that distinguishes early hominins from other primates?

<p>Development of bipedalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Rift Valley is significant for which aspect of paleontology?

<p>It is a key region for fossil preservation due to volcanic ash layers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which evolutionary model suggests that the emergence of primates is linked to the availability of fruit-bearing plants?

<p>Angiosperm Hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does relative dating in archaeology establish?

<p>The sequence of events without exact ages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is associated with the first apes around 22 million years ago?

<p>Presence of Y5 molar dental features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a challenge associated with the fossil record?

<p>There are wide gaps in the fossil record. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis proposes that New World Monkeys (NWM) originated from African primates floating to South America?

<p>Rafting Hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of non-honing chewing seen in hominins?

<p>Small, dull canines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the brain size of genus Homo from Australopithecines?

<p>Larger brain size in genus Homo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of X-Ray Photography in archaeology?

<p>To reveal internal structures without damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is NOT associated with the genus Australopithecus?

<p>Massive jaw muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is thought to be one of the earliest evidence of hominins?

<p>Sahelanthropus tchadensis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the teeth of Paranthropus differ from those of Australopithecus?

<p>Paranthropus has larger molars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature aids in the stability of bipedalism in Lucy?

<p>Valgus knee (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does paleomagnetism utilize to date geological formations?

<p>Earth's shifting magnetic field (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant advantage does a larger brain offer according to the evolutionary context?

<p>Enhanced cognitive abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the tool-making capabilities of Homo habilis?

<p>Creation of Oldowan tools only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of Homo erectus that significantly impacted their survival?

<p>Mastery of fire for cooking and safety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue complicates the classification of early hominins?

<p>Overlap of physical features among species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor likely drove bipedalism according to the male provisioning hypothesis?

<p>Improved mating strategies and support for offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the anatomy of Australopithecus support both bipedalism and climbing?

<p>Curved phalanges and a bowl-shaped pelvis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the tool characteristics of Oldowan tools made by early hominins?

<p>Simple, rough designs for immediate use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main behavioral trait of Australopithecines?

<p>Basic survival behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable evolutionary advancement of Homo erectus compared to earlier hominins?

<p>Advanced tools such as Acheulean hand axes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the patchy forest hypothesis propose regarding bipedalism?

<p>Bipedalism evolved for resource access in sparse forests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Bergmann's and Allen's Rules primarily explain about organisms?

<p>How body size and limb length relate to climate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes melanin's role in skin color variations?

<p>Melanin protects against UV damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ontogenetic adaptation differ from genetic adaptation?

<p>Ontogenetic adaptations are developed during growth and shaped by environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Strepsirrhines in comparison to Haplorhines?

<p>Strepsirrhines possess a strong sense of smell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes platyrrhines from catarrhines?

<p>Platyrrhines possess prehensile tails. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines homologous traits?

<p>Traits that signal shared ancestry among species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sexual dimorphism, which mating group typically displays the most pronounced differences between males and females?

<p>Polygynous groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason females invest heavily in their offspring?

<p>Nursing demands and the energy required for child-rearing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptability trait is unique to primates that enables them to survive in trees?

<p>Arboreal adaptations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of culture among primates?

<p>Learning to wash food before eating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly relates to dental anthropology?

<p>Tooth structure can indicate dietary adaptations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes female reproductive strategies in primate social structures?

<p>Mothers compete for resources with their young. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of physiological adaptation in primates?

<p>Temporary adaptations like sweating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is common in Old World monkeys compared to New World monkeys?

<p>Downward-facing nostrils. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological adaptation do Neanderthals possess that helps them survive in cold climates?

<p>Large nasal apertures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model of modern human evolution suggests that gene flow maintained species unity across regions?

<p>Multi-regional Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major positive outcomes of the shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to agricultural societies?

<p>Larger populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes modern humans (Homo sapiens) from Neanderthals in terms of tool use?

<p>Complex and specialized tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Neanderthal Genome Project indicates that non-African populations carry what percentage of Neanderthal DNA?

<p>1–4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical trait is typically associated with modern humans?

<p>Rounded skulls with large brains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Neanderthal social structure compared to that of modern humans?

<p>Modern humans formed larger, more connected groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major negative outcome of the agricultural revolution?

<p>Increased social inequality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cultural expression was likely practiced by Neanderthals?

<p>Symbolic burial rituals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area did Homo sapiens first evolve before migrating globally?

<p>Africa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which evidence supports the Assimilation Model of human evolution?

<p>Interbreeding evidenced by Neanderthal DNA in modern populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of skeletal changes occurred in humans due to the adoption of agricultural lifestyles?

<p>Signs of malnutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one characteristic of early human settlers in Australia?

<p>Unique case exemplified by Homo floresiensis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neanderthals displayed planning and dexterity in making which type of tools?

<p>Levallois tools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Anthropology?

The study of humankind, exploring who we are and what it means to be human.

What is Cultural Anthropology?

The study of present-day cultures and societies, focusing on learned behaviors.

What is Linguistic Anthropology?

The study of language in relation to culture, identity, and evolution.

What is Archaeology?

The study of past cultures and societies through artifacts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Biological Anthropology?

The study of human biology, evolution, and variation in past and present.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Primatology?

The study of primates (monkeys, apes, and humans), examining their behavior, biology, and society.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Osteology?

The study of human skeletons, bones, and teeth, focusing on anatomy, development, and evolution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Paleoanthropology?

The study of human evolutionary history using fossils and artifacts to understand ancient humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothesis

A testable, educated guess that can be supported or refuted by evidence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of a natural phenomenon, based on a large body of evidence from tested hypotheses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Law

A description of an inevitable natural phenomenon, based on repeated observations and experiments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to gaining knowledge, involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Evolution

The gradual change in the inherited traits of a population over generations, often through natural selection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adaptation

A trait or characteristic that increases an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Variation

The differences in traits among individuals within a population, providing the raw material for natural selection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Competition

The struggle between organisms for limited resources, such as food, shelter, or mates, driving natural selection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Speciation

The process of the formation of new species from a common ancestor, driven by adaptation and isolation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genes

Discrete units of inheritance that carry information about specific traits, passed from parent to offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bergmann's Rule

Larger body size helps conserve heat in colder climates. This is an adaptation to minimize heat loss.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alleles

Variations of a gene, contributing to the diversity of traits within a population.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dominant Allele

A version of a gene that is expressed even if only one copy is present, masking the effect of the recessive allele.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Allen's Rule

Animals with longer limbs have greater surface area for heat dissipation in warmer climates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Melanin & UV Radiation

Melanin protects against harmful UV radiation from the sun. Darker skin is more common near the equator.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recessive Allele

A version of a gene that is only expressed if two copies are present, otherwise masked by the dominant allele.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of all living organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lighter Skin & Vitamin D

Lighter skin evolved in regions with low UV radiation to maximize vitamin D synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetic Adaptation

Permanent, inherited changes in a population's genetic makeup (like skin color).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ontogenetic Adaptation

Adaptations that develop during an individual's lifetime due to environmental influences (like lung capacity in high altitude).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Physiological Adaptation

Temporary, reversible changes in body function (like sweating or shivering) in response to environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dental Anthropology

Studying teeth to learn about ancestry, diet, and evolutionary history.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Molars & Chewing

The shape and size of molars reflect how an animal chews its food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Canine Teeth & Social Functions

Canine teeth in primates often have social and dietary functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Arboreal Adaptations

Traits that allow primates to live in trees, like opposable thumbs and enhanced vision.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dietary Plasticity

Ability to eat a variety of foods, allowing primates to adapt to different environments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long Development Periods

Primates have extended childhoods, allowing for significant brain development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gradistic Classification

Grouping primates based on physical similarities, but not necessarily evolutionary relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cladistic Classification

Grouping primates based on shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are nucleotides?

The building blocks of DNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine).

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do adenine and thymine pair?

Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) in DNA through two hydrogen bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do guanine and cytosine pair?

Guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C) in DNA through three hydrogen bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are chromosomes?

Tightly packed strands of DNA, organized into units found within the nucleus of cells. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a karyotype?

A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs based on size and shape, used to determine genetic traits and sex.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are somatic cells?

The majority of cells in your body, including skin, blood, and muscles, containing a full set of DNA (diploid, 23 pairs of chromosomes).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are gametes?

Sex cells (sperm and egg), containing half the DNA (haploid, 23 individual chromosomes) and responsible for passing on genetic material.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is mitosis?

Cell division for somatic cells, producing two identical daughter cells with a full set of DNA, essential for growth and repair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is meiosis?

Cell division for gametes, creating four unique haploid daughter cells with half the DNA, crucial for sexual reproduction and genetic variation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is crossing over?

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic variation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are genes?

Specific segments of DNA coding for a particular trait, like eye color or height.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are alleles?

Different versions of a gene, like blue vs. brown eye color alleles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is genotype?

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles (e.g., YY, Yy, yy), not necessarily visible.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is phenotype?

The observable physical characteristics of an organism determined by its genotype (e.g., blue eyes) and influenced by environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is transcription?

The process where DNA is 'read' by mRNA, creating a copy of the genetic code within the nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is translation?

The process where mRNA moves to a ribosome, using tRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins based on the mRNA code.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chimpanzee Tool Use

Chimpanzees exhibit tool use in their natural environment, such as using sticks to fish for termites. This demonstrates complex behaviors requiring learning and observation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vocalizations in Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees use different vocalizations, including calls, to communicate. These calls can signal warnings about predators, mark their territory, or express emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Verbal Communication in Chimpanzees

Chimpanzees communicate through non-verbal signals like facial expressions. They use gestures and postures to convey emotions, social status, and intentions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gibbon Duets

Monogamous gibbons sing duets together to mark their territory and reinforce pair bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Cooperation Benefits

Living in social groups provides various benefits for primates, such as enhanced survival through shared resources, protection from predators, and cooperative hunting.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Culture and Primate Evolution

Primates exhibit cultural behaviors that go beyond biological limitations. These behaviors involve shared knowledge, skills, and traditions passed down through generations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fossil Formation

Fossils are remnants of past life preserved under specific conditions. The fossilization process involves the replacement of organic materials with minerals over millions of years.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factors Affecting Fossil Preservation

Rapid burial and environmental conditions like volcanic ash influence fossil preservation. Natural events and human activities can influence the deposition of remains.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Dating

Relative dating establishes the sequence of events without giving exact ages. It relies on the principle that older layers of rock lie beneath younger layers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Absolute Dating

Absolute dating provides numerical dates or date ranges. Techniques like radiometric dating measure radioactive decay to determine the age of fossils.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radiometric Dating

Radiometric dating measures the decay of radioactive isotopes, such as carbon-14 or potassium-argon, to determine the age of materials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dendrochronology

Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, analyzes the patterns of growth rings in trees to determine the age of wooden objects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paleomagnetism

Paleomagnetism uses the Earth's shifting magnetic field to date rocks based on the alignment of magnetic minerals within them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fossil Record and Evolution

Fossils provide a glimpse into evolutionary history but offer an incomplete record due to preservation and discovery limitations. Evolutionary theories explain the patterns observed in the fossil record.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Challenges of Fossil Interpretation

Interpreting the fossil record presents challenges, including gaps in the record, debates about species identification, and limitations due to preservation biases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forensic Anthropology

The study of human skeletal remains in legal contexts, focusing on identifying individuals and determining the cause and manner of death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antemortem Injury

A bone injury that occurred before death, showing signs of healing with rounded edges and bone remodeling.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perimortem Injury

A bone injury that occurred at the time of death, characterized by sharp, jagged edges and splintering due to fresh bone flexibility.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Postmortem Injury

A bone injury that occurred after death, resulting in brittle, straight breaks with color differences and flaking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Skeletal Stress Markers

Features on bones indicating physical activity, occupation, or environmental exposure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Time Since Death Estimation

Determining the time of death using decomposition stages (like rigor mortis, insect activity, and skeletonization).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Age Estimation (Under 20)

Estimating age using growth and development markers like bone length and dental maturity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Age Estimation (Over 20)

Estimating age based on degenerative changes in bones, such as joint surface wear and tear.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biological Sex Determination

Identifying sex through pelvic morphology (wider in females) and muscle attachment differences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Facial Reconstruction

Creating a visual likeness of an individual based on their skeletal features and anatomical data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear DNA

Genetic material found in the nucleus of cells, providing a definitive identification match to individuals or relatives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

DNA found in mitochondria, tracing maternal ancestry through shared mutations and useful when nuclear DNA is unavailable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Richard III

The last English king to die in battle during the War of the Roses (1485), whose skeleton was discovered in 2013.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Richard III's Physical Deformities

Richard III had scoliosis, a curvature of the spine, but no evidence supported a withered arm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Richard III's Cause of Death

Richard III died in battle, suffering multiple skull fractures and cuts to the ribs and pelvis, likely caused by bladed weapons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Australopithecus?

An early hominin genus dating back to around 3.6 million years ago, known for its bipedal adaptations, small brain size, and mixed ape-like and human-like features.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Lucy's key traits?

Lucy, an Australopithecus afarensis, showcases a blend of human-like and ape-like traits. Her bipedal adaptations include a valgus knee for stability, a non-opposable big toe, a bowl-shaped pelvis, and a centered foramen magnum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the challenges in classifying early hominins?

Incomplete fossil records, scientific debates about how to group specific fossils, variation in fossil traits, and overlap of features among species make classification challenging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Oldowan tools?

The earliest known tools, dating back to 2.6-1.6 million years ago, were simple, rough designs made by chipping stones to create sharp edges. These tools were likely used for scavenging and problem-solving.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the behavioral and technological advancements of Homo erectus and their significance?

Homo erectus likely had more complex social structures and communication, mastered the use of fire for cooking, warmth, and protection, and created Acheulean hand axes which reflected significant cognitive advancements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a modern human? (Homo sapiens)

Modern humans, Homo sapiens, are characterized by their gracile bodies, small brow ridges, rounded skulls with large brains, flat faces, and prominent chins. They exhibit advanced intelligence, complex tool use, art, symbolism, and language abilities. They are the dominant species of humans, having evolved in Africa and spread across the globe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some Neanderthal adaptations?

Neanderthals possessed adaptations for cold climates, including short, stocky bodies, large nasal apertures to warm air, and large infraorbital foramina for maintaining blood flow in the face. They also had robust skeletons and brains slightly larger than those of modern humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What tools were Neanderthals known for?

Neanderthals were skilled toolmakers associated with the Mousterian culture and Levallois technique. They created tools for survival, displaying planning and dexterity in creating compound tools.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What evidence suggests Neanderthal culture?

Evidence suggests Neanderthals practiced burial rituals and symbolic behaviors like art, body paint, and using pierced shells. Their hyoid bone structure and possession of the FOXP2 gene hint at potential speech abilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How did Neanderthal tool use differ from modern humans?

Neanderthals created simpler tools for survival, like Mousterian tools, while modern humans developed more specialized and complex tools for hunting, carving, and art, such as atlatls.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How did Neanderthal symbolism differ from modern humans?

Neanderthals used basic symbolic items, like body paint and pierced shells, while modern humans created elaborate artwork, carvings, and symbolic artifacts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How did Neanderthal societies differ from modern humans?

Neanderthals likely lived in smaller, more isolated groups, while modern humans formed larger, more connected social groups with advanced cultural practices.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Out of Africa Model?

The Out of Africa Model suggests that modern humans evolved in Africa and spread globally, replacing other hominins. This is supported by older fossil and tool evidence in Africa and high genetic diversity among Africans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Multi-regional Model?

The Multi-regional Model proposes simultaneous evolution of modern humans in multiple regions from Homo erectus populations, with gene flow maintaining species unity. It is supported by fossil continuity across regions and evidence of long-term gene flow.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Assimilation Model?

The Assimilation Model combines the Out of Africa and Multi-regional Models, suggesting that modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated globally, and interbred with archaic populations like Neanderthals and Denisovans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What conclusions did the Neanderthal Genome Project reveal?

The Neanderthal Genome Project revealed that Neanderthals share 99.7% of their DNA with modern humans. Non-African populations carry 1–4% Neanderthal DNA, supporting the Assimilation Model and confirming interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the key features of human expansion?

Human expansion occurred approximately 50,000 years ago. Motivations included population growth, resource competition, and climate change. Notable examples include Australia's early settlers and the unique case of Homo floresiensis ('The Hobbit').

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the link between Native Americans and Asians?

Native Americans share physical traits and genetic similarities with populations from Asia, pointing to their migration from Asia across the Bering Strait land bridge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is agriculture and its major consequences?

Agriculture emerged around 10-12,000 years ago, marking a shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to food production. Consequences include larger populations, division of labor, technological advances, stable food supply, but also environmental degradation, social inequality, malnutrition, and disease spread.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How did agriculture affect human biology?

Agriculture led to changes in human anatomy and health, including skeletal adaptations, dental issues, and signs of stress or malnutrition. Softer diets and sedentary lifestyles also brought biological trade-offs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Module 1: Biological Anthropology

  • Anthropology is the study of humankind, exploring human origins and what it means to be human.
  • Four subfields: Cultural, Linguistic, Archaeology, and Biological Anthropology.
  • Biological anthropology studies human biology, evolution, and variation.
  • It examines relationships between humans and other organisms.
  • Subfields: Primatology (primate study), Osteology (skeleton study), Paleoanthropology (human evolutionary history), Bioarchaeology (ancient human remains).

Module 2: Darwin and Natural Selection

  • Evolution: Biological changes in organisms over generations, often through natural selection.
  • Before Darwin, studies of paleontology, geology, taxonomy, and demography supported his concepts.
  • Lamarck's theory proposed traits acquired during a lifetime are inherited – this was incorrect.
  • Darwin’s Theory: Natural selection drives evolutionary changes.
    • Variation: Individuals possess different traits.
    • Competition: Limited resources force competition for survival.
    • Adaptation: Beneficial traits are passed to future generations.
  • Darwin compared natural selection to selective breeding (e.g., dog breeds).
  • Genetics and Inheritance: Mendel's work showed traits are inherited in discrete units (genes).
  • Genetic diversity is raw material for natural selection, driving evolution.

Module 3: DNA and Genetics

  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): The blueprint of life encoding traits and biological variation.
  • A double helix structure composed of nucleotides (A-T, G-C), passed down through generations.
  • Chromosomes: DNA packaged into 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Karyotypes visualize them; XX for females, XY for males.
  • Somatic cells: Contain complete DNA (diploid). Gametes: Contain half DNA (haploid).
  • Mitosis: Cell division for somatic cells, producing identical copies.
  • Meiosis: Cell division for gametes, producing genetically unique cells with crossing over.
  • Genes: Segments of DNA encoding traits. Alleles: Variations of genes. Dominant alleles mask recessive ones.
  • Genotype: Genetic makeup (e.g., YY, Yy, yy). Phenotype: Observable characteristics determined by the genotype.
  • Protein Synthesis: Transcription creates mRNA from DNA; translation uses mRNA to create proteins.
  • Genetic Variation: Arises via mutations and crossing over. Mendel's traits (e.g., eye color) vs. polygenic traits (e.g., height).
  • DNA applications: DNA fingerprinting, genealogy (mtDNA from mother).

Module 4: Evolution's Mechanisms

  • Evolution: Change in allele frequencies within a population's gene pool. Microevolution vs. macroevolution.
  • Forces driving evolution:
    • Mutation: Source of new alleles.
    • Natural Selection: Favors traits enhancing survival and reproduction.
    • Sexual Selection: Non-random mating based on perceived attractiveness.
    • Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies, especially impactful in small populations (founder and bottleneck effects).
    • Gene Flow: Migration introducing new alleles to populations.

Module 5: Human Adaptations

  • Bones: Strong, light, mix of organic (collagen) and inorganic (hydroxyapatite).
  • Teeth: Hard structures with enamel and dentin; reflect ancestry and diet more than bones.
  • Growth and development: Bones change via osteoblasts and osteoclasts, responding to physical stress (Wolff’s Law).
  • Adaptations:
    • Climate: Bergmann's (body size) and Allen's (limb length) rules. Melanin and skin color variations correlate with UV radiation exposure optimize vitamin D.
    • Ontogenetic changes: Develop during growth and influenced by the environment, like lung capacity.

Module 6: Primatology

  • Primates: Include monkeys, apes, and humans. Studied to understand human evolution.
  • Adaptations: Arboreal, dietary plasticity, and extended development periods.
  • Primate Classification: Gradistic (physical similarities) vs. cladistic (evolutionary relatedness).
  • Living primate groups: Strepsirrhines (lemurs, etc.) and Haplorhines (monkeys, apes). Platyrrhines vs. Catarrhines.
  • Evolutionary Relationships: Homologous (shared ancestry) vs. analogous (convergent evolution) traits. Ancestral vs. derived traits

Module 7: Primate Behavior and Sociality

  • Primate traits contrasted (Strepsirrhines vs. Haplorhines; New World vs. Old World monkeys; Monkeys vs. Apes).
  • Reproductive strategies of male and female primates influencing social structures (monogamy vs. polygamy). Sexual dimorphism corresponds with social complexity.
  • Examples of primate cooperation, culture (e.g., tool use, grooming, alarm calls).

Module 8: Taphonomy and Fossil Dating

  • Fossil formation: Requires rare conditions of preservation. Permineralization.
  • Factors affecting preservation: Rapid burial, natural/human activity, and environment.
  • Dating techniques: Relative (sequence) vs. absolute (numerical) dating.
  • Methods: Radiometric dating (carbon-14, potassium-argon), dendrochronology, paleomagnetism, archaeological tools.
  • Fossil record and evolution: Incomplete record, debates on evolutionary models (gradualism, punctuated equilibrium).

Module 9: Primate Origins and Early Hominins

  • Reasons for primate evolution: Arboreal hypothesis; visual predation; angiosperm (fruit).
  • Early primate fossils (Aegyptopithecus).
  • New World monkey origins: Rafting; migration, debate on independent evolution.
  • Early apes & transition to hominins (Proconsul, Dryopithecus). Hominin traits (bipedalism, non-honing chewing).
  • Early hominins (Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Ardipithecus ramidus).

Module 10: Genus Australopithecus

  • Australopithecus: Ancestral hominins (~3.6 mya).
  • Traits: Small brain size, clear bipedalism, reduced canine teeth, tree-climbing abilities.
  • Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis): Bipedal adaptations (foramen magnum, pelvis, knee, toe).
  • Paranthropus (Robust Australopithecines): Specialized for tough diets (large molars, strong jaws). Comparison with Australopithecus (Gracile).
  • Issues with classification: Incomplete fossil record, debates among scientists, variation, and feature overlap.
  • Early hominin tools: Oldowan tools (simple, rough).

Module 11: Genus Homo

  • Homo features contrasting Australopithecines (larger brain, smaller teeth, flatter face, modern skeleton).
  • Behavioral advancements (tools, fire, social cooperation).
  • Homo habilis: Larger brain; Oldowan tools.
  • Homo erectus: Larger brain, advanced adaptations (endurance, fire), global dispersal, Acheulean tools. Behavioral advancements include complex social structures and use of fire.
  • Significance: Groundwork for further human evolution.

Module 12: Later Genus Homo

  • Homo sapiens (modern humans): Anatomical & behavioral features (large brain, complex tools, art, language, culture).
  • Neanderthals: Anatomical adaptations to cold environments (robustness, nose). Behaviors (Mousterian tools, cooperative care, symbolism).
  • Neanderthal & modern human comparison (tool use, symbolism, social structure).
  • Modern human evolution models: Out of Africa, Multi-regional, Assimilation.
  • Neanderthal Genome Project: 1-4% of non-African DNA, supporting the Assimilation Model.

Module 13: Global Human Expansion

  • Timeline and motivations for global human expansion (~50kya). Australia's early settlers, Homo floresiensis.
  • Evidence linking Native Americans and Asians.
  • Transition to agriculture (~10-12kya); causes, consequences (positive and negative impacts). Biological changes (skeletal, dental).

Module 14: Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology

  • Bioarchaeology studies past societies through skeletal remains. Forensic anthropology applies to legal cases (crime scenes or mass disasters).
  • Analyzing injuries (antemortem, perimortem, postmortem). Activity patterns reflected in skeletal stress markers. Time since death, biological age, biological sex, facial reconstruction, DNA/mtDNA analysis.

Module 15: Richard III Case Study

  • Richard III (1452-1485), last king of England to die in battle. His reputation as a villain, influenced by Shakespeare.
  • Discovery of Richard III's skeleton in Leicester in 2013.
  • Physical deformities (scoliosis), cause of death (battle injuries), DNA analysis to confirm identity via mtDNA analysis. Facial reconstruction.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

This quiz explores fundamental concepts in Biological Anthropology, focusing on human evolution, adaptations, and the scientific method. It includes questions on the significance of bipedalism, communication in humans, and the study of Osteology. Test your knowledge of how these factors shape our understanding of biology and society.

More Like This

Discovering Biological Anthropology
15 questions

Discovering Biological Anthropology

PatriBrown avatar
PatriBrown
Biological Anthropology
5 questions

Biological Anthropology

GoodLead avatar
GoodLead
Overview of Biological Anthropology
14 questions

Overview of Biological Anthropology

WonderfulMahoganyObsidian avatar
WonderfulMahoganyObsidian
Biological Anthropology Module 1 Quiz
39 questions

Biological Anthropology Module 1 Quiz

ResplendentGarnet6853 avatar
ResplendentGarnet6853
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser