Biología: Principios y Fundamentos

The smallest particle of an element, substance, or matter.

A substance made of only one type of atom held together by chemical bonds. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.

A substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in fixed proportions. It can be broken down into its constituent elements through chemical reactions.

The chemical elements needed for an organism's normal development.

The most abundant bioelements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S).

Bioelements needed for osmotic balance and metabolism. Include calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, and iodine.

Bioelements present in very small amounts but crucially important for organisms' functions. Examples include Fluorine, Copper, Zinc, and Cobalt.

Molecules formed from bioelements that are essential components of living organisms.

Hormones produced by endocrine glands and stimulating specific organs, thus controlling functions like metabolism or digestive enzyme production.

Regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels by affecting its metabolism.

Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, vital for respiration.

Inherited blood disorders causing abnormal hemoglobin, affecting oxygen transport.

Biological catalysts speeding up reactions without being consumed.

Enzymes control metabolic processes by binding to substrates and regulating biochemical reactions throughout the body.

Protein structures providing cell framework and transporting substances within.

Microtubules are composed of alpha and beta tubulin, arranged in pairs and assembling along their length.

The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed.

The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

An enzyme's ability to selectively bind and catalyze specific substrates.

Organized categories of enzymes based on the type of reactions they catalyze.

Enzyme that synthesizes ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of cells.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of amino groups between molecules.

Enzymes measured in blood to diagnose various medical conditions.

An enzyme found in liver and bone, increasing during childhood and adolescence due to bone growth. Elevated levels can indicate rickets, osteomalacia, biliary obstruction, or bone metastasis from cancers like breast, lung, or prostate.

An enzyme primarily from the prostate and red blood cells. Increased prostate-derived acid phosphatase can signal prostate cancer metastasis.

Enzymes that catalyze the breaking of bonds without adding water.

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of molecules.

Enzymes that catalyze the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule to form isomers.

Vitamins act as coenzymes in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Involved in carboxylation (adding CO2) processes.

Plays a part in isomerization reactions.

Water's uneven charge distribution due to oxygen's greater electronegativity pulling electrons from hydrogen.

Weak attraction between hydrogen and oxygen atoms of different water molecules.

Water dissolves many substances, helping their transport in the body.

Water plays a vital role in living organisms, enabling many biological processes.

Water in the body comes from visible water, food, and metabolic reactions.

Water carries essential nutrients to cells and removes waste products.

Water gives cells shape and volume; without it, they can burst or collapse.

Water can absorb excess heat without significant temperature change, keeping organisms stable.

Calculated using the Holliday-Segar method; 100 ml per kg of body weight per day for children.

Typically between 2,000 and 2,500 ml per day.

Essential for metabolic reactions, regulation, and cell structure.

Found precipitated (solid, insoluble), dissolved, or bound to organic molecules.

Form hard, structural materials like seashells and bones.

Regulate osmosis, nerve signals, muscle action, and pH balance.

Comprise complex molecules with specific functions by bonding to proteins or lipids.

Support tissue formation, regulate fluids, aid nerve signals, muscle action, energy production, and enzyme function.