BIOL 232 - Biology II Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role do adipose tissues play in the body?

  • They enhance the hydration of the skin surface.
  • They insulate the body by minimizing heat gain and loss. (correct)
  • They are responsible for the synthesis of melanin.
  • They primarily provide structural support to bones.

    • Which structure is specifically responsible for producing the visible part of a nail?

  • Nail body (correct)
  • Epidermal cells
  • Nail root
  • Sebaceous glands

    • What causes the pink color observed in the nails?

  • The presence of melanin pigment.
  • The moisture level in the nail bed.
  • The thickness of keratin in the nail.
  • The vascular dermal tissue under the nail. (correct)

    • What occurs during the keratinization of new cells?

    <p>They become keratinized and are sloughed off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the dermis?

    <p>Nail body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homeostasis primarily regulate in animal cells?

    <p>Internal environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a regulated condition within homeostasis?

    <p>Speed of metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system plays a crucial role in removing carbon dioxide from the blood?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cavities contains the brain?

    <p>Cranial cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the digestive system?

    <p>To convert food into nutrient molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body cavity is divided by the diaphragm?

    <p>Ventral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of dynamic constancy in homeostasis?

    <p>It emphasizes stability amid changing external conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are part of the digestive system?

    <p>Mouth and pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of neurons?

    <p>To generate electrical signals and conduct them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glial cell is primarily responsible for producing a growth factor used in neural degeneration treatment?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes axons in the central nervous system (CNS) from those in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regarding regeneration?

    <p>Axons in the CNS do not regenerate after injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of a typical neuron?

    <p>Glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neuroglia?

    <p>To support and protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuroglial cell is responsible for forming myelin in the CNS?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant consequence of injury to the CNS?

    <p>Permanent loss of nervous function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes axons?

    <p>Long projections that transmit signals to other neurons or tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of insulin in relation to glycogen?

    <p>It increases the conversion of glucose into glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes negative feedback?

    <p>It counters a change to maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ systems contribute most directly to the maintenance of homeostasis?

    <p>Circulatory and endocrine systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the kidneys play in homeostasis?

    <p>They excrete wastes and maintain blood pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nervous system contribute to the process of homeostasis?

    <p>By sending signals to regulatory centers in response to changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>A sensor must detect an unacceptable level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the overall result of negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>The variable is maintained close to the original condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects hormonal control in homeostasis?

    <p>Hormones provide partial but essential regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the control center play in a negative feedback system that regulates temperature?

    <p>It compares the current condition to the desired state and activates the effector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the described home heating system, what component is equivalent to a sensory receptor in biological negative feedback?

    <p>Thermometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of restoring temperature to a set point using negative feedback?

    <p>The thermostat turns off the heater once the temperature aligns with the set point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an effector in a negative feedback mechanism?

    <p>To produce an output that restores desired conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the negative feedback mechanism respond when blood pressure rises?

    <p>It diminishes neural signals to the arterial walls to promote relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a negative feedback system when the set point is not achieved?

    <p>The control center activates the effector to correct the discrepancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a home heating system exemplify negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>It compares the desired temperature with current temperatures to maintain conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key aspect distinguishes negative feedback from other regulatory processes in systems like temperature regulation?

    <p>It ensures conditions revert to a predetermined state following changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the positive feedback mechanism?

    <p>It results in a continuous cycle of amplification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During childbirth, what role does oxytocin play in the positive feedback mechanism?

    <p>It stimulates stronger and more frequent contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario can a positive feedback mechanism be considered harmful?

    <p>When the body is experiencing a fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly distinguishes positive feedback from negative feedback?

    <p>Positive feedback mechanisms can result in an uncontrolled increase in a process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the positive feedback mechanism during childbirth?

    <p>The baby's head pressing against the cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate outcome of a positive feedback mechanism like childbirth?

    <p>Continuous contractions until the baby is born.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a characteristic difference between positive and negative feedback?

    <p>Positive feedback mechanisms amplify change, while negative feedback mechanisms counteract change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does labor stop in the positive feedback mechanism during childbirth?

    <p>Pressure on the cervix is relieved with the baby's delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    BIOL 232 - BIOLOGY II

    • Session 1: Animal and Human Part

    Course Contents (General)

    • Animal Organization

    • Homeostasis

    • Circulation

    • Lymph Transport and Immunity

    • Digestion and Nutrition

    • Respiration

    • Body Excretion

    • Nervous System

    • Reproduction

    • General Structure of Flowering Plants

    • Ecological Anatomy

    • Photosynthesis

    • Respiration

    Animal Organization & Homeostasis

    • Tissue Types:
      • Epithelial
      • Connective
      • Muscular
      • Nervous
    • Organs
    • Organ Systems
    • Homeostasis
    • Negative Feedback
    • Positive Feedback

    Nervous Tissue

    • Function: Specialized to produce and conduct electrical signals (impulses).
    • Conveys Information: From one area to another.

    Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Tissue

    • Nerve Tissue Contains:
      • Neurons (specialized to generate electrical signals and conduct signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands; transmit information; consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon)
      • Neuroglia (glial cells surround, support, insulate, and protect neurons; support and nourish neurons)

    Nervous System (Peripheral & Central)

    • True Nervous Tissue: Neurons (brain, spinal cord, nerves), axons, and dendrites
    • Interstitial Tissues: Glial elements (neuroglia) / supporting

    Neuroglia

    • Function: Support neurons and phagocytize bacterial and cellular debris.
    • Types:
      • Astrocytes: Provide nutrients and produce a growth factor (glia-derived) used to cure diseases of neural degeneration.
      • Oligodendrocytes: Forms myelin

    Nervous Tissue (Additional Functions)

    • Sensory system: Detects changes, transmits information to spinal cord.
    • Data Integration: Spinal cord and brain integrate information, make decisions.
    • Motor output: Response transmitted to effector (gland or muscle), effector initiates actual response.

    Nerve Regeneration

    • In humans, axons outside the brain and spinal cord can regenerate; those inside cannot.
    • Injury to CNS results in permanent loss of function.
      • Regeneration can occur in cold-water fish and amphibians.

    Organs and Organ Systems

    • Organs: Combinations of at least two tissues performing common functions.
    • Organ Systems: Many organs cooperating to perform a process (e.g., digestion).
    • The integumentary system is composed of the skin and accessory organs (nails, hair, glands, and sensory receptors). -Skin functions

    Skin as an Organ

    • Covering and protection for underlying body regions and tissues
    • Vitamin D production from a precursor molecule upon exposure to UV light.
    • Temperature regulation
    • Sensory input from external environment (receptors)

    Regions of Skin in Human (detailed skin anatomy)

    • Layers: Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous layer
    • Epidermis: Stratified squamous epithelium
    • Keratinization process
    • Melanocytes: produce melanin
    • Nails - specialized epidermal cells
    • Dermis: Fibrous connective tissue, contains hair follicles, and glands
    • Subcutaneous layer: Loose connective tissue, contains adipose tissue.

    Accessory Organs of Skin

    • Nails grow from special cells at the nail root; the visible portion is the nail body
    • Hair develops from hair follicles in the dermis

    Body Cavities

    • Dorsal Cavity (toward the back)
      • Cranial cavity: Contains brain
      • Vertebral cavity: Contains spinal cord
    • Ventral Cavity (toward the front)
      • Divided by diaphragm
      • Thoracic cavity: Contains esophagus, heart, and lungs
      • Abdominal cavity: Contains digestive and other organs
      • Pelvic cavity: Contains reproductive and other organs

    Organ Systems

    • Two or more interacting organs in different regions performing a common function.
    • Examples: Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Lymphatic/immune, Urinary, Nervous, Endocrine, Skeletal, Muscular, Male reproductive, Female reproductive
      • Major Structures and Functions for each system are listed in the OCR

    Homeostasis

    • Animal cells need a narrow range of conditions to survive.
    • Homeostasis: The process by which an organism maintains its internal environment within a narrow range.
    • Regulated conditions: Temperature, water/salt concentrations, glucose, pH (acid-base balance), oxygen/carbon dioxide.
    • How it works: Internal environment is in dynamic constancy; the body adjusts to maintain constant internal and external conditions

    Homeostatic Control

    • Negative Feedback: Reverses the effect of a variable change; the most important feedback mechanism (examples, blood pressure regulation, body temperature).
    • Positive Feedback: Increases the effect of a variable change (examples, childbirth)
    • Components: Sensor, Control center, and Effector

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Animal and Human Parts as covered in BIOL 232. This quiz includes questions on animal organization, homeostasis, and the nervous system. Prepare to explore complex biological concepts and how they interact within living organisms.

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