BIOL 206: Form and Function in Animals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between an animal and a plant in terms of how they obtain energy?

Animals are heterotrophs, meaning they obtain their energy by consuming other organisms, while plants are autotrophs, meaning they produce their own energy through photosynthesis.

What is the main function of the coelom?

The coelom is a body cavity that houses the gut and other internal organs. It serves to protect internal organs, cushion them during movement, and allows for greater complexity and flexibility in movement.

Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of animals?

Heterotrophy

Multicellularity

Movement

Autotrophy (correct)

Internal Digestion

Which type of symmetry is characteristic of animals that are free-living and move directionally?

Bilateral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

What is cephalization and what does it allow for?

Cephalization is the development of a distinct head region in animals, where sensory organs and a central nervous system are clustered. This allows for more efficient sensory perception, better coordination of movement, and the ability to respond to stimuli more effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of skeletons found in animals?

The three types of skeletons found in animals are hydrostatic skeletons, endoskeletons, and exoskeletons. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeleton is characterized by the use of fluid pressure within a body cavity?

Hydrostatic skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Modern cephalopods, such as octopuses, possess an exoskeleton.

False Signup and view all the answers

Explain the three main functions of the nervous tissue.

The nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting long-range signals throughout the body, coordinating body movement and secretion, and processing sensory signals and body responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary movements, such as digestion?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of proteins that make up muscle fibers?

The two main types of proteins that make up muscle fibers are actin and myosin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism, despite changes in the external environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a homeostatic control system?

Positive feedback Signup and view all the answers

What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange?

The four mechanisms of heat exchange are radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an animal that generates its own heat internally?

Endotherm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a homeothermic strategy for retaining heat in a cold environment?

Countercurrent heat exchange Signup and view all the answers

Countercurrent heat exchange is only observed in aquatic animals.

False Signup and view all the answers

In countercurrent heat exchange, what is the direction of heat flow?

In countercurrent heat exchange, heat flows from warm blood in arteries to cold blood in veins, thus minimizing the amount of heat lost to the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course title: Form and Function in Animals
Course code: BIOL 206
Instructor: Dr. Jason Lambert
Office: BI 365
Office hours: F 2:00pm – 4:00pm
Email: [email protected]

Learning Objectives

Identify and describe unique cellular structures and processes in animals.
Identify and describe major animal organs and organ systems.
Describe and classify major animal tissue types, cell types, and functions.
Describe the origins of animal tissues during embryonic development.
Explain the challenges of surface area-to-volume relationships for large organisms.
Explain the meanings of phenotypic plasticity and homeostasis.
Compare and contrast determinate and indeterminate growth.

Outline

Recall of animal phylogeny and definition
Animal body symmetry
Body cavity structure
Embryological development of structures
Segmentation
External appendages
Body support
Animal anatomy (Cells, Tissues, Organs and organ systems)
Animal physiology (Surface area/volume relationships, Homeostasis, Thermoregulation, Countercurrent exchange)

Animal Phylogeny

Defining features of animals:
- Heterotrophs
- Internal digestion
- Movement
- Multicellularity
Major animal lineages discussed
Evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic trees (cladograms)

Animal Body

Symmetry:
- Radial symmetry (many planes)
- Bilateral symmetry (one plane)
Cephalization: anterior end with sensory organs clustered
Body cavity structure (Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, Coelomates)
Germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)
Potency of cells (Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, Unipotent)
Segmentation of body into similar structures allows for specialized body parts and complex movements, examples in annelids and arthropods

Animal Morphology

Appendages:
- Movable extensions used for locomotion, sensory input, eating, and reproduction
- Examples include insect wings, limbs of arthropods and vertebrates, mouths parts for capturing and eating prey.
Body Support:
- Hydrostatic skeletons use fluid pressure against muscles for movement
- Endoskeletons are hardened internal structures (bone) where muscles attach
- Exoskeletons are hardened outer coverings that muscles attach to inside
- Examples include earthworms (hydrostatic), frogs (endoskeleton), and crabs (exoskeleton).
Question from class about octopus skeletons
- Octopus, a mollusk, has ancestors that had shells (exoskeletons)
- Most modern cephalopods lack exoskeletons, endoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons.
- Muscle actions in their appendages enable support
- Cephalopods (e.g., octopus) use jet propulsion for rapid locomotion.

Animal Anatomy

Organelles unique to animal cells:
- Centrioles
- Lysosomes
Structures unique to animal cells:
- Tight junctions
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions
Tissue types (Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscle tissue)

Animal Physiology

Physiology: understanding how animal bodies function
- How organisms obtain and use energy
- How nutrients are distributed
- How organisms reproduce
- Controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Body size and its effect on physiology
- Surface area/volume relationships
- Basal metabolic rate
- Heat loss
Adaptations that increase surface area (e.g., flattening, folding, branching)
Homeostasis: maintaining internal balance in response to external fluctuations
- Set points and feedback loops control various variables such as temperature, pressure, and blood solute levels
Thermoregulation
- Contrast between ectotherms (regulate heat gain from external environment) and endotherms (generate heat internally)
- Mechanisms of heat exchange (radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation)
- Strategies for retaining heat in cold environments
Countercurrent heat exchange: how different body fluids flow in opposite directions along adjacent vessels, minimizing heat loss or gain

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cellular structures, organ systems, and tissue types in animals with this quiz. You'll also explore concepts such as embryonic development and various anatomical features. Perfect for students eager to understand animal biology at a deeper level.