BIOL 2006SEF: Disease Concepts

Questions and Answers

What is the role of leukocytes and plasma proteins in response to an offending agent?

They directly cause the formation of malignant tumors.

They replace damaged tissues immediately.

They create benign tumors.

They are recruited, activated, and work to eliminate the offending substance. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a basis for the classification of neoplastic diseases?

Similarity of lesions (morphology)

Similarity of molecular abnormalities

Similarity of clinical symptoms (correct)

Similarity of pathogenesis

According to the WHO definition from 1948, health is described as which of the following?

The ability to perform daily tasks without assistance.

Physical fitness and absence of any symptoms.

The absence of disease only.

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. (correct)

Which statement accurately reflects a difference between traditional medicine and modern medicine?

Traditional medicine aims to cure or ameliorate diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a prognosis in healthcare?

To predict the expected development and outcome of a disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is not part of the medical history gathering process?

Family occupational hazards Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for an effective screening test?

It should favorably influence the course of the disease through early treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is essential for maintaining good health?

Nurturing a positive mental attitude. Signup and view all the answers

When conducting a physical examination, which aspect should be prioritized?

Emphasizing parts of the body affected by illness Signup and view all the answers

What best defines a diagnosis in the context of healthcare?

The identification of a disease based on signs and symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding assumptions about health?

Health exists on a continuum between good health and serious illness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a desired characteristic of screening tests for genetic diseases?

They should be able to identify carriers for both dominant and recessive traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of differential diagnosis?

To consider various diseases explaining patient symptoms Signup and view all the answers

In terms of early identification of diseases, what does a good screening test require?

The ability to detect diseases before critical points in their development Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for screening tests regarding cost?

They should be relatively inexpensive and accessible. Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates a typical screening test for a specific disease?

Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) for tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a pathological condition resulting from disruption of normal bodily functions leading to specific symptoms or signs?

Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease is characterized by the absence of morphological abnormalities but with disturbed body functions?

Functional disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between symptomatic and asymptomatic disease primarily based on?

Extent of signs or symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What classification of disease involves developmental disturbances due to genetic abnormalities or environmental interactions?

Congenital and hereditary diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the cause of a disease?

Etiology Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disease is categorized as having a known or unknown etiology characterized by an inflammatory response?

Inflammatory disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a group of symptoms or changes that consistently occur together?

Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What does pathologists study to classify and diagnose diseases?

Morphology of cells and tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the development of disease from onset to manifestation?

Pathogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is primarily associated with tissue degeneration due to aging or breakdown?

Degenerative disease Signup and view all the answers

What condition could potentially arise from chronic elevated blood pressure?

Stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic procedure measures the electrical activity of the brain?

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an endoscope in medical procedures?

To examine the interior of the body Signup and view all the answers

How do computed tomographic (CT) scans differ from traditional X-rays?

CT scans can distinguish between different types of soft tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of MRI over CT scans?

Does not use ionizing radiation Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is commonly used in radionuclide studies to detect hyperthyroidism?

Radioactive iodine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of a Papanicolau (Pap) smear?

Identifying abnormal cells in cervical fluid Signup and view all the answers

What technique evaluates organ function using substances labeled with a radioisotope?

Positron emission tomography (PET) Signup and view all the answers

What does an electromyography (EMG) test analyze?

Electrical activity of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique is described as using high-frequency sound waves to produce images?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging method is useful for detecting metastasis in bone?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

In medical imaging, what does a radiolucent substance appear as on an X-ray film?

Dark Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging test can provide early detection of Alzheimer’s disease?

Positron emission tomography (PET) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using contrast media in X-ray imaging?

To outline soft tissue structures not visible on regular films Signup and view all the answers

What does a high level of Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood typically indicate?

Presence of certain types of cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is specifically designed to detect cervical cancer?

Pap Smear Signup and view all the answers

How is a colonoscopy performed?

Inserting a flexible tube with a camera through the rectum Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a hypertension reading according to blood pressure tests?

130/80 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of a blood glucose test?

To assess levels of glucose in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What type of imaging is used in a screening mammogram?

X-ray images Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is commonly used to detect neural tube defects during pregnancy?

AFP blood test Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a routine blood pressure test?

To detect high blood pressure or hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Characteristics of Disease

Disorder refers to an illness disrupting normal physical or mental functions.
Disease is a pathological condition with structural abnormalities leading to specific symptoms.
Lesions are distinct structural changes in tissues caused by disease.
Diseases are classified as:
- Organic: Associated with structural changes identifiable through gross or histologic examination.
- Functional: Lacks morphological abnormalities but function is severely disturbed.
Pathology is the study of changes in the body caused by disease; pathologists diagnose diseases based on cellular and tissue morphology.
Symptoms are subjective, like pain or dizziness, while signs are objective manifestations, such as swelling.
Diseases can be symptomatic (with signs/symptoms) or asymptomatic (no signs/symptoms), with asymptomatic conditions often detected in early disease stages.
A syndrome is a collection of symptoms that frequently appear together.
Etiology refers to the cause of a disease, and pathogens are organisms causing disease.

Classifications of Disease

Congenital and hereditary diseases arise from genetic abnormalities or environmental factors.
- Example: Congenital rubella syndrome due to maternal infection.
Inflammatory diseases result from the body's injury response, influenced by infections or autoimmune reactions.
Degenerative diseases involve tissue or organ breakdown, often due to aging, like arthritis.
Metabolic diseases are characterized by disturbances in metabolic processes, e.g., diabetes.
Neoplastic diseases involve abnormal cell growth, forming benign (e.g., lipoma) or malignant tumors (e.g., lung cancer).

Health and Disease

WHO defines health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely absence of disease.
Good health requires active involvement in maintaining one's well-being, including diet, exercise, and emotional expression.

Principles of Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves identifying diseases through clinical history, physical examination, and differential diagnosis.
Prognosis predicts disease progression, recovery chances, or recurrence likelihood.
Treatment can be special (targeting underlying causes) or symptomatic (addressing symptoms only).

Clinical History

Current illness history includes symptom details like severity and onset.
Medical history covers the patient's overall health and past illnesses.
Family history assesses health issues running in families.
Social history examines lifestyle choices affecting health, such as occupation and substance use.
Review of symptoms includes unrelated symptoms suggesting broader disease impact.

Physical Examination and Diagnosis

Physical examinations focus on systems affected by illness, aligning findings with clinical history.
Differential diagnosis considers various diseases that could explain symptoms, guided by selective laboratory tests.

Screening Tests

Screening detects early asymptomatic diseases for preventive treatment.
It also screens for genetic diseases passed from parents, aiding in reproductive decisions.
Effective screening requires significant risk presence, non-invasive testing, early treatment benefits, and reproducible results.

Examples of Screening Tests

PPD for tuberculosis identifies hypersensitivity reactions.
PSA test monitors prostate cancer risk via blood PSA levels.
AFP testing screens for fetal abnormalities during pregnancy and cancer assessment.
Mammograms and Pap smears detect breast and cervical cancers, respectively.
Colonoscopy screens for colon cancer by visualizing the entire colon.
Blood sugar and blood pressure tests identify diabetes and hypertension, respectively.

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Clinical lab tests assess substance concentration in body fluids, aiding in disease diagnosis.
Electrical activity tests (ECG, EEG, EMG) evaluate heart, brain, and muscle functions.
Radioisotope studies track organ function using labeled substances, detecting conditions like anemia or tumors.
Endoscopy allows direct internal examination for surgical evaluation.
Ultrasound and X-rays create images through sound waves and radiation respectively.
CT scans provide detailed internal images using X-ray data, while MRI offers images based on tissue water content, avoiding radiation.
PET scans measure metabolic functions for early disease detection, especially in cancer and brain disorders.
Cytology and histology studies analyze cell characteristics and tissue structure, aiding in disease recognition.

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Description

Dive into the foundational concepts of disease with this quiz focused on BIOL 2006SEF. Explore the characteristics of disease, classifications, and the differences between health and disease. Additionally, review essential screening and diagnostic tests used in assessing diseases.