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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the human body is typically composed of water?
What percentage of the human body is typically composed of water?
Why is water classified as a polar molecule?
Why is water classified as a polar molecule?
Which statement accurately describes the existence of water in physical states?
Which statement accurately describes the existence of water in physical states?
What defines the polarity of a molecule?
What defines the polarity of a molecule?
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Which of the following is true regarding the bonding in water molecules?
Which of the following is true regarding the bonding in water molecules?
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What unique behavior does water exhibit when temperatures decrease past 4˚C?
What unique behavior does water exhibit when temperatures decrease past 4˚C?
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Why does ice float on water?
Why does ice float on water?
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How does surface tension in water benefit certain organisms?
How does surface tension in water benefit certain organisms?
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What is the primary function of osmosis in living organisms?
What is the primary function of osmosis in living organisms?
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What happens to water molecules when it is dropped onto wax paper?
What happens to water molecules when it is dropped onto wax paper?
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Which of the following statements about osmosis is correct?
Which of the following statements about osmosis is correct?
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Which of these elements is known for producing hard alloys for specific uses?
Which of these elements is known for producing hard alloys for specific uses?
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What characteristic of water contributes to its high surface tension?
What characteristic of water contributes to its high surface tension?
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What unique capability does a single water molecule have regarding hydrogen bonds?
What unique capability does a single water molecule have regarding hydrogen bonds?
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What is the fourth state of water called?
What is the fourth state of water called?
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How does a decrease in temperature affect hydrogen bonding in water?
How does a decrease in temperature affect hydrogen bonding in water?
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Which of the following properties of water is significantly influenced by hydrogen bonds?
Which of the following properties of water is significantly influenced by hydrogen bonds?
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What happens to water molecules when hydrogen bonds are no longer broken due to low temperatures?
What happens to water molecules when hydrogen bonds are no longer broken due to low temperatures?
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Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds in water is accurate?
Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds in water is accurate?
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What is required for water to exist in its supercritical state?
What is required for water to exist in its supercritical state?
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What role do hydrogen bonds play in water's unique properties?
What role do hydrogen bonds play in water's unique properties?
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What is cohesion in relation to water?
What is cohesion in relation to water?
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What is adhesion responsible for when water droplets cling?
What is adhesion responsible for when water droplets cling?
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What phenomenon describes water rising in a straw?
What phenomenon describes water rising in a straw?
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What limits the extent of capillary action?
What limits the extent of capillary action?
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How does surface tension affect capillary action?
How does surface tension affect capillary action?
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Why does water climb higher in a thinner straw when capillary action occurs?
Why does water climb higher in a thinner straw when capillary action occurs?
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Which of the following correctly describes the relation between adhesive forces and gravity in capillary action?
Which of the following correctly describes the relation between adhesive forces and gravity in capillary action?
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What is NOT a characteristic of cohesive property of water?
What is NOT a characteristic of cohesive property of water?
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What is responsible for the movement of water up through the xylem in plants?
What is responsible for the movement of water up through the xylem in plants?
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What does high specific heat capacity of water allow it to do in temperature regulation?
What does high specific heat capacity of water allow it to do in temperature regulation?
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What does the term 'heat of vaporization' refer to in the context of water?
What does the term 'heat of vaporization' refer to in the context of water?
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How does water help regulate the Earth's climate?
How does water help regulate the Earth's climate?
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Compared to other molecules of its size, what is notable about water's boiling point?
Compared to other molecules of its size, what is notable about water's boiling point?
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More than ______% of Earth is covered by water.
More than ______% of Earth is covered by water.
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Most plants and animals contain more than ______% water by volume.
Most plants and animals contain more than ______% water by volume.
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Water is the only common substance to exist in all 3 physical states: solid, liquid, and ______.
Water is the only common substance to exist in all 3 physical states: solid, liquid, and ______.
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Oxygen is more ______ than hydrogen in a water molecule.
Oxygen is more ______ than hydrogen in a water molecule.
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A polar molecule must have an asymmetric geometry so that the bond dipoles do not ______ each other.
A polar molecule must have an asymmetric geometry so that the bond dipoles do not ______ each other.
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Oxygen carries a slightly ______ charge in a water molecule.
Oxygen carries a slightly ______ charge in a water molecule.
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One water molecule can form up to ______ hydrogen bonds.
One water molecule can form up to ______ hydrogen bonds.
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When temperature decreases, water molecules slow down and interact with one another ______.
When temperature decreases, water molecules slow down and interact with one another ______.
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The fourth state of water, known as ______ fluid, has both liquid and gas properties.
The fourth state of water, known as ______ fluid, has both liquid and gas properties.
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Eventually, hydrogen bonds will no longer be broken, causing water molecules to be locked in place and form ______.
Eventually, hydrogen bonds will no longer be broken, causing water molecules to be locked in place and form ______.
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Hydrogen bonds contribute significantly to water's ______, which is vital for life.
Hydrogen bonds contribute significantly to water's ______, which is vital for life.
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Supercritical water is found in extreme conditions, like those at vents on the ______ Ocean's floor.
Supercritical water is found in extreme conditions, like those at vents on the ______ Ocean's floor.
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In liquid water, molecules are constantly breaking and reforming ______ with each other.
In liquid water, molecules are constantly breaking and reforming ______ with each other.
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Surface tension and capillary action are responsible for the movement of water up through the ______ in plants.
Surface tension and capillary action are responsible for the movement of water up through the ______ in plants.
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Water has high specific heat capacity, meaning it can absorb a lot of heat before its temperature ______.
Water has high specific heat capacity, meaning it can absorb a lot of heat before its temperature ______.
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The amount of energy required for liquid water to boil and become steam is called the heat of ______.
The amount of energy required for liquid water to boil and become steam is called the heat of ______.
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As warm tropical air moves towards the poles, water vapor releases heat as it ______ into rain.
As warm tropical air moves towards the poles, water vapor releases heat as it ______ into rain.
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Water's high boiling point is due to its strong ______ bonds.
Water's high boiling point is due to its strong ______ bonds.
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As temperature decreases, most liquids contract, but water expands after reaching ______˚C.
As temperature decreases, most liquids contract, but water expands after reaching ______˚C.
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Osmosis occurs when water moves from an area of low ______ concentration to an area of high concentration.
Osmosis occurs when water moves from an area of low ______ concentration to an area of high concentration.
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The phenomenon that allows water striders to 'skate' across a pond is known as ______ tension.
The phenomenon that allows water striders to 'skate' across a pond is known as ______ tension.
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At freezing temperature, the volume of water is about ______% higher than in its liquid state.
At freezing temperature, the volume of water is about ______% higher than in its liquid state.
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Water has the highest surface tension of all non-metallic ______.
Water has the highest surface tension of all non-metallic ______.
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Each molecule in a water drop is attracted to ______ other, contributing to its cohesive properties.
Each molecule in a water drop is attracted to ______ other, contributing to its cohesive properties.
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Lithium is used in rechargeable batteries for ______ phones and electric vehicles.
Lithium is used in rechargeable batteries for ______ phones and electric vehicles.
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Osmosis is one of the most important ways that plants and animals achieve ______.
Osmosis is one of the most important ways that plants and animals achieve ______.
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Cohesion occurs when water is attracted to other water through ______ bonds.
Cohesion occurs when water is attracted to other water through ______ bonds.
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Adhesion allows water to be attracted to other ______.
Adhesion allows water to be attracted to other ______.
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Capillary action is what you see when you place a straw into a glass of water and the water begins to ______ up the straw.
Capillary action is what you see when you place a straw into a glass of water and the water begins to ______ up the straw.
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The thinner the straw, the ______ up capillary action will pull the water.
The thinner the straw, the ______ up capillary action will pull the water.
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Surface tension tends to ______ the surface of water.
Surface tension tends to ______ the surface of water.
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Capillary action is related to the ______ properties of water.
Capillary action is related to the ______ properties of water.
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The force of gravity is balanced by the adhesive force when capillary action ______.
The force of gravity is balanced by the adhesive force when capillary action ______.
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Water droplets clinging to a spider web is an example of ______.
Water droplets clinging to a spider web is an example of ______.
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Study Notes
Importance of Water
- Over 70% of Earth's surface is covered by water, making it essential for life.
- All living organisms consist primarily of water, with most plants and animals containing over 60%.
- The human body is approximately 50-75% water by volume.
Uniqueness of Water
- Water is the only substance that naturally exists in all three physical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam).
Structure of Water
- Water is a polar molecule; it has an uneven distribution of charge due to oxygen’s higher electronegativity compared to hydrogen.
- Oxygen holds a slight negative charge (δ-), while hydrogen has a slight positive charge (δ+).
Chemical Polarity
- Polarity results from the separation of electric charge, leading to asymmetrical molecules and the presence of an electric dipole moment.
- Polar molecules contain polar bonds, which must possess a difference in electronegativity.
Hydrogen Bonding
- Polar nature allows water to form hydrogen bonds; each water molecule can create up to four H-bonds with neighboring molecules.
- Hydrogen bonds are crucial for many of water’s unique properties that support life.
States of Water
- Water can also exist as a supercritical fluid, a unique state where liquid and gas properties merge, typically found under extreme temperatures and pressures.
Density of Water
- The density of water is approximately 1 g/cm³.
- Water behaves uniquely as it contracts until reaching 4°C and then expands upon freezing, resulting in ice being about 9% less dense than liquid water. This is why ice floats.
Surface Tension
- Water has the highest surface tension among non-metallic liquids due to the cohesive forces between molecules at the surface.
- Surface tension allows small organisms, like water striders, to move across water surfaces.
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
- It enables essential processes for maintaining homeostasis in plants and animals.
Cohesion and Adhesion
- Cohesion refers to water’s attraction to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
- Adhesion is the attraction between water and other polar substances, such as spider silk.
Capillary Action
- Capillary action is driven by the adhesive properties of water, causing it to rise against gravity in thin spaces, such as the xylem of plants.
- Water's movement is also influenced by surface tension, which helps pull other water molecules along.
Temperature Regulation
- Water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it absorbs significant heat before raising its temperature, crucial for temperature regulation in organisms.
- Water has an extremely high boiling point (100°C) due to hydrogen bonding, requiring substantial energy to convert from liquid to gas (heat of vaporization).
Climate and Ecosystem Impact
- Water regulates Earth's climate by absorbing solar heat, which is released during evaporation.
- This process stabilizes temperatures in aquatic ecosystems and helps prevent overheating in organisms.
Importance of Water
- Covers over 70% of Earth's surface and is vital for all life forms.
- Most plants and animals contain more than 60% water; humans are composed of 50-75% water.
Uniqueness of Water
- Exists in all three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- Water is a polar molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, creating an electric dipole.
Chemical Polarity
- Polar molecules have distinct charges due to differences in electronegativity, leading to asymmetric geometries.
- Allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds, with one water molecule capable of forming up to four hydrogen bonds.
States of Water
- A fourth state exists, known as a supercritical fluid, which occurs under extreme temperature and pressure, merging liquid and gas properties.
- In liquid water, hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming; cooling slows movement and eventually locks molecules in place as ice.
Density of Water
- Density is approximately 1 g/cm³.
- Water expands upon freezing, having a volume about 9% higher than in its liquid state, causing ice to float and impacting natural phenomena like frozen pipes.
Surface Tension
- Highest surface tension among non-metallic liquids due to the cohesion of water molecules at the surface.
- Allows insects like water striders to walk on water and influences water droplet formation.
Osmosis
- Movement of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration through semipermeable membranes, crucial for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms.
Cohesion and Adhesion
- Cohesion refers to water's attraction to itself via hydrogen bonds; adhesion describes water's attraction to other polar substances.
- Capillary action leads to the ability of water to rise in narrow spaces, influenced by adhesion and cohesion forces.
Temperature Regulation
- High specific heat capacity means water can absorb considerable heat without significantly changing temperature, providing stability in biological systems.
- Water has a high boiling point and heat of vaporization, regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing and releasing solar energy during evaporation and condensation.
Implications in Biology
- Cohesion and adhesion facilitate water movement in xylem vessels in plants, essential for nutrient transport and stability in ecosystems.
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Description
In Lecture 3 of BIOL 150, we explore the structure and properties of water, highlighting its crucial role in sustaining life on Earth. Learn about water's unique characteristics and its importance as a major constituent of all life forms, including plants and animals.
