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What is the result of K+ diffusing out of the cell?
What is the result of K+ diffusing out of the cell?
What is the function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the function of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance?
What is the part of the brain that coordinates movement and balance?
What is the term for the clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body in bilaterally symmetrical animals?
What is the term for the clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body in bilaterally symmetrical animals?
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What is the focus of ecosystem ecology?
What is the focus of ecosystem ecology?
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What is the characteristic of tropical rain forests?
What is the characteristic of tropical rain forests?
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What is the major human impact on chaparral biomes?
What is the major human impact on chaparral biomes?
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What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to be remodeled after birth?
What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to be remodeled after birth?
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Which of the following biomes is characterized by permafrost restricting the growth of plant roots?
Which of the following biomes is characterized by permafrost restricting the growth of plant roots?
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What is the primary way in which the ocean pelagic zone is impacted by humans?
What is the primary way in which the ocean pelagic zone is impacted by humans?
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What is the term for the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population?
What is the term for the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population?
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Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by high death rates for the young, with a steep decline in death rates for survivors of the early period?
Which type of survivorship curve is characterized by high death rates for the young, with a steep decline in death rates for survivors of the early period?
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Which of the following is an example of a freshwater biome?
Which of the following is an example of a freshwater biome?
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What is the term for the process of a lake's waters mixing in the spring and autumn?
What is the term for the process of a lake's waters mixing in the spring and autumn?
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Which of the following biomes is characterized by a significant amount of precipitation and dominant plants that are deciduous trees?
Which of the following biomes is characterized by a significant amount of precipitation and dominant plants that are deciduous trees?
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What is the term for the transition zone between a river and the sea?
What is the term for the transition zone between a river and the sea?
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What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems?
What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems?
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What is the term for the process by which toxins are passed up the food chain and concentrated in organisms at higher trophic levels?
What is the term for the process by which toxins are passed up the food chain and concentrated in organisms at higher trophic levels?
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What is the primary cause of extinctions on record?
What is the primary cause of extinctions on record?
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What is the term for the process by which primary production increases as an ecosystem changes from nutrient-poor to nutrient-rich?
What is the term for the process by which primary production increases as an ecosystem changes from nutrient-poor to nutrient-rich?
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What is the term for the variety of different species, ecosystems, and genes present in an ecosystem?
What is the term for the variety of different species, ecosystems, and genes present in an ecosystem?
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What is the current period of mass extinction occurring due to human activities?
What is the current period of mass extinction occurring due to human activities?
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What is the term for the process by which an ecosystem changes from one community to another after a disturbance?
What is the term for the process by which an ecosystem changes from one community to another after a disturbance?
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What is the result of the release of gaseous waste into the atmosphere, primarily due to human activities?
What is the result of the release of gaseous waste into the atmosphere, primarily due to human activities?
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What is the term for the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain?
What is the term for the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain?
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What occurs when individuals of different species use a resource that limits survival and reproduction of both individuals?
What occurs when individuals of different species use a resource that limits survival and reproduction of both individuals?
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What is the term for the interaction in which an individual of one species derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process?
What is the term for the interaction in which an individual of one species derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process?
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What is the term for the pattern of colonization and species replacement that occurs in a community following a severe disturbance?
What is the term for the pattern of colonization and species replacement that occurs in a community following a severe disturbance?
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What is the term for the feeding relationships between organisms in a community?
What is the term for the feeding relationships between organisms in a community?
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What is the term for the species that exert strong control on a community by their pivotal ecological roles?
What is the term for the species that exert strong control on a community by their pivotal ecological roles?
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What is the term for the species that have strong effects due to their large size or high abundance?
What is the term for the species that have strong effects due to their large size or high abundance?
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What is the term for the interaction in which individuals of one species benefit while members of the other species are neither harmed nor helped?
What is the term for the interaction in which individuals of one species benefit while members of the other species are neither harmed nor helped?
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What is the primary difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
What is the primary difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
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What is the purpose of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
What is the purpose of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
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What is the primary function of FSH and LH in the reproductive system?
What is the primary function of FSH and LH in the reproductive system?
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What is the role of oxytocin in the reproductive system?
What is the role of oxytocin in the reproductive system?
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What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
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What is the term for the membrane potential of a neuron that is not sending signals?
What is the term for the membrane potential of a neuron that is not sending signals?
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What type of neuron transmits information about external stimuli such as light, touch, or smell?
What type of neuron transmits information about external stimuli such as light, touch, or smell?
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What is the term for the chemical messengers that pass information from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell?
What is the term for the chemical messengers that pass information from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell?
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Study Notes
Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
- Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of haploid gametes, while asexual reproduction does not involve gametes.
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Mode: Sexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity, while asexual reproduction is more energy-efficient and allows for rapid population growth. However, asexual reproduction limits genetic diversity.
- Examples of Animals: More primitive animals, such as sponges and hydra, tend to prefer asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is rare in most vertebrate animals.
Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction (continued)
- Internal vs. External Fertilization: External fertilization requires a moist habitat to allow sperm to swim to the egg. Internal fertilization enables sperm to reach an egg even in a dry environment, with fewer gametes produced, but a higher survival chance.
- Gonad: Organs that produce gametes (e.g., testes in males and ovaries in females).
- Male Reproductive Organs: Sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules in the testes, pass through the epididymis, and are propelled through the vas deferens and urethra.
- Female Reproductive Organs: Ovaries contain many follicles, each with a partially developed egg (oocyte). The egg cell travels from the ovary to the uterus via the oviduct (fallopian tube).
Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction (continued)
- Gametogenesis: The production of gametes from germ cells. Mutations in germ cells can pass down to offspring.
- Spermatogenesis: The formation of sperm, resulting in 4 sperm, with no interruptions.
- Oogenesis: The development of a mature egg, resulting in 1 egg, with a prolonged process that stops at menopause.
- Hormones Involved in Reproduction: The hypothalamus secretes GnRH, which directs the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. FSH and LH stimulate sex hormone production by the gonads.
Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
- Neurons: Nerve cells that transfer information within the body.
- Structure of a Neuron: Cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapses.
- Dendrites: Highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons.
- Axon: A longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses.
- Synapse: A junction between an axon and another cell.
- Neurotransmitter: Chemical messengers that pass information from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell.
Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling (continued)
- Types of Neurons: Sensory neurons (transmit information about external stimuli), interneurons (integrate and interpret information), and motor neurons (transmit signals to muscle cells).
- Glial Cells: Supporting cells that nourish, support, and regulate neurons.
- Mechanisms of Signal Transmission: Resting potential, action potential, and the role of ion channels in depolarization.
Chapter 49: Nervous Systems
- Nerve: Axons of multiple neurons bundled together.
- CNS (Central Nervous System): Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): Consists of neurons carrying information in and out of the CNS.
- Glial Cells: Supporting cells of neurons with various functions.
- Structure of the Brain: Forebrain (cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala), midbrain, and hindbrain (cerebellum, medulla, pons).
Chapter 49: Nervous Systems (continued)
- Cephalization: The clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body, characteristic of bilaterally symmetrical animals.
- Neuronal Plasticity: The ability of the nervous system to be remodeled after birth.
Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
- Ecology: The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Population Ecology: Analyzes factors affecting population size and changes over time.
- Community Ecology: Examines the effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization.
- Ecosystem Ecology: Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment.
Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere (continued)
- Climate: Long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area, with four major components (temperature, precipitation, sunlight, wind).
- Biomes: Major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment.
- Terrestrial Biomes: Tropical rain forests, deserts, savannas, chaparral, temperate grasslands, coniferous forests, temperate forests, and tundra.
Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere (continued)
- Oceans: Salt concentration of 3%, covering 75% of the Earth's surface, with major impacts on the biosphere.
- Marine Biomes: Estuaries, intertidal zones, ocean pelagic zones, coral reefs, and marine benthic zones.
- Freshwater Biomes: Salt concentration of less than 0.1%, with lakes, wetlands, streams, and rivers.
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
- Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in an area.
- Population Density: The number of individuals per unit area, examined by counting, sampling, and mark-recapture methods.
- Population Dispersion: The pattern of spacing among individuals, including clumped, uniform, and random distributions.
Chapter 53: Population Ecology (continued)
- Survivorship Curves: Plots of the proportion of numbers in a cohort still alive at each age, with three types (Type I, II, and III).
- Exponential vs. Logistic Growth: The difference between unlimited and limited population growth.
- Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.
- Factors Limiting Population Size: Density-dependent and density-independent factors.
Chapter 54: Community Ecology
- Interspecific Interactions: Any interaction between individuals of different species.
- Competition: Occurs when individuals of different species use a resource that limits survival and reproduction.
- Resource Partitioning: The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist.
- Exploitation: Interaction in which individuals of one species benefit by feeding on individuals of another species.
Chapter 54: Community Ecology (continued)
- Mutualism: Interaction in which individuals of both species benefit.
- Commensalism: Interaction in which one species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
- Defense Mechanisms: Aposematic coloration, cryptic coloration, Batesian mimicry, and Mullerian mimicry.
Chapter 55: Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology
- Ecosystem: All living organisms in an area and the abiotic factors with which they interact.
- Ecosystem Dynamics: Energy flow and chemical cycling.
- Trophic Levels: Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers.
Chapter 55: Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology (continued)
- Trophic Efficiency: The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.
- Carbon Cycle: The movement of carbon through the ecosystem, including photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.
Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Global Change
- Biodiversity: Includes genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
- Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss, introduced species, overharvesting, and global change.
- Biodiversity Hotspots: Small areas with numerous endemic and many endangered species.
Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Global Change (continued)
- Eutrophication: The process of nutrient enrichment, leading to algal blooms and "dead zones".
- Biological Magnification: The concentration of toxins in organisms at higher trophic levels.
- Plastics: The most common type of marine waste, including microplastics.
- Climate Change: The increase in atmospheric CO2, driven by human activities, and its impact on ecosystems and biodiversity.
Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Global Change (continued)
- Mass Extinctions: The cause of previous mass extinctions, including the rise of sea levels, continental drift, intense volcanic activity, and climate change.
- The 6th Mass Extinction: The potential current mass extinction due to human activities, which can pave the way for adaptive radiation.
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Description
Study guide for Biol 1407 Unit 4 exam, covering chapter 46 on animal reproduction, including sexual and asexual reproduction, advantages, disadvantages, and examples.
