BIOL 1160 Week 3: Cell Biology Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What are the main differences between covering/lining epithelia and glandular epithelia?

Covering/lining epithelia forms the lining of organs and glands, while glandular epithelia is specialized for secretion or excretion. Glandular epithelia can be further classified into endocrine and exocrine glands.

How do negative and positive feedback loops differ in terms of their response to a stimulus?

Negative feedback loops reduce the response to a stimulus, while positive feedback loops amplify the response. Negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis, while positive feedback loops can lead to rapid changes in the body.

What is the function of the myelin sheath in neurons, and which cells are responsible for its formation?

The myelin sheath insulates the axon, allowing for faster transmission of action potentials. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath, while in the PNS, Schwann cells are responsible for its formation.

What is the difference between a synapse and a neuronal axon, and how do they interact during neurotransmission?

A synapse is the gap between the terminal end of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron, while an axon is the long, slender extension of a neuron that carries action potentials away from the cell body. During neurotransmission, the axon terminal releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, allowing the signal to propagate. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of a typical reflex arc, and how do they interact to produce a response?

A typical reflex arc consists of sensory receptors, sensory neurons, dorsal root ganglion, interneuron, somatic motor neuron, and skeletal muscle effector. The sensory receptors detect a stimulus, which activates the sensory neurons, leading to the transmission of the signal to the interneuron, and ultimately to the motor neuron, which stimulates the muscle effector to produce a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the plasma membrane, and how is it described in terms of its permeability?

The main function of the plasma membrane is to regulate what enters and leaves the cell, and it is described as selectively permeable because it allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of molecular biology, and how does it relate to the structure and function of the nucleus?

The central dogma is the process by which genetic information is passed from DNA to RNA to proteins, and the nucleus plays a crucial role in this process by storing genetic information and regulating gene expression. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER, and how do their structures relate to their functions?

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface, which are involved in protein synthesis, whereas smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. The structure of rough ER allows for the translation of mRNA into proteins, whereas the structure of smooth ER allows for the modification and transport of lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi body in the secretory pathway, and how does it relate to the endoplasmic reticulum?

The Golgi body is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins and lipids synthesized in the ER, and it receives vesicles from the ER and sends them to other parts of the cell or for secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between tight junctions, desmosomes, and adherens junctions, and how do they relate to the structure and function of epithelial tissues?

Tight junctions are impermeable seals between cells, desmosomes are spot-like adhesions, and adherens junctions are belt-like adhesions. These junctions are essential for maintaining tissue structure and function, and they play critical roles in epithelial tissues by regulating cell-cell adhesion and communication. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Biology

Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
Fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments (actin) and microtubules
Cytoplasm and cytosol are distinguished
Ribosome is a site of protein synthesis
Central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of genetic information
Nucleus has a nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex, and nuclear lamina
Nucleus is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER has ribosomes, while smooth ER does not
Golgi body is involved in protein modification and packaging
Lysosome is a membrane-bound digestive compartment
Vesicle is a membrane-bound sac
Endomembrane system (secretory pathway) involves the ER, Golgi, and vesicles
Mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration
Peroxisome is involved in cellular metabolism

Extracellular Layer

Extracellular layer consists of ECM and cell adhesion molecules
ECM is composed of collagen and other proteins
Tight junctions, desmosomes, and adherens junctions are types of cell-cell junctions

Tissues/Epithelia

There are four main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Epithelial tissues can be covering/lining or glandular
Epithelial cells can be classified based on shape and number of layers
There are nine types of epithelial tissues, including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
Endocrine glands secrete hormones, while exocrine glands secrete products through ducts

Connective Tissues

Connective tissue has three types of fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular
Cell types in connective tissue include fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, adipocytes, plasma cells, and white blood cells
Loose connective tissue has three subtypes: areolar, adipose, and reticular
Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue are distinguished by their fiber orientation

Cell Signaling

Negative feedback loop involves stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response
Positive and negative feedback loops are distinguished
Hypothalamus maintains body temperature through a negative feedback loop
Milk production and secretion involve a positive feedback loop
Parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium levels
Paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, and autocrine signaling are distinguished
Signal transduction involves signal reception, signal transduction, and signal amplification
Steroid hormone signaling involves binding to a receptor
G protein-coupled pathway is involved in the sense of smell

Nervous System

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are distinguished
Information processing and organization of the nervous system involve sensory input, integration, and motor output
Neurons have dendrites, axon, cell body, synaptic end bulb, axon terminal, and axon collateral
Synapse involves pre-synaptic neuron, post-synaptic neuron, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters, and receptor
Resting potential, hyperpolarization, and depolarization are defined
Threshold and action potential are defined
Action potential involves transport proteins and can travel along an axon
Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons are distinguished
Sensory, motor, and inter-neurons are distinguished
Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, schwann cells, and satellite cells
Myelination involves the formation of the myelin sheath
Ganglia, nucleus, nerve, tract, white matter, and gray matter are defined
Reflex arc involves sensory receptors, sensory neuron, dorsal root ganglion, interneuron, somatic motor neuron, and skeletal muscle effector
Stretch reflex is a type of reflex arc
Cerebrum is a region of the brain

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Description

Study guide for BIOL 1160 week 3, covering cell biology concepts such as plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleus. Topics include the fluid mosaic model, central dogma of molecular biology, and the structure of the nucleus.