BIOL-108 Chapter 7: Blood

• Course code BIOL-108 and title Human Biology will cover the following chapters
  • Blood and Cardiovascular System (Chapters 7 & 8)
  • Respiratory, Immune, Digestive, Urinary, Endocrine, and Nervous systems (Chapters 9-14)

Labs

• Labs will cover Blood, the cardiovascular, respiratory digestive, urinary, endocrine, and nervous systems, as well as a lab exam

Assessment

• Quizzes, a mid-semester exam, continuous lab assessment, a final lab exam, and a final exam will determine the course grade
  • Quizzes and Mid-semester exam are each worth 20%
  • The final exam is worth 35%
  • Final lab exam and continuous lab assessment is 20% and 5% Respectively

Chapter 7: Blood (Lesson 1)

• After studying Chapter 7, one will be able to identify the functions of blood in transportation, defense, and maintenance of homeostasis
• Name the fluid component of blood, the 3 major types of blood elements, and their proportions
• Be able to discuss characteristics of blood and identify the composition of blood plasma

Functions of Blood

• The role of blood is delivering oxygen and nutrients and wastes removal.
• Blood has 3 functions; transportation, defense, and maintenance of homeostasis.
  • Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones waste
  • Defends against infections (WBCs)
  • Platelets prevent bleeding.
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Maintains chemical and water balance

Composition of Blood

• Blood is connective tissue from stem cells that originate in red bone marrow
• 8% is the approximate weight blood accounts for
• Blood has two major components, plasma and cellular elements.
  • 55% of blood is the plasma extracellular matrix (liquid component)
  • Cellular elements (45% of blood): erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes,

Plasma

• Plasma is made of 92% water and 8% dissolved solutes.
• Proteins form many of the solutes, for example albumins, globulins, clotting proteins, and regulating proteins.
• Nutrients, metabolic wastes and electrolytes (ions) are also types of solutes.
• Proteins are the largest group

Plasma Proteins

• Plasma proteins include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen:
• Albumins are manufactured in the liver, help maintain blood volume/pressure and transport substances
• There are three main subgroups of globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma globulins)
• Alpha and beta transport iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins while contributing to osmotic pressure
• Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Gamma globulins involved in immunity
• Fibrinogen (produced by liver) is for blood clotting

Erythrocytes

• Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide with hemoglobin
• Erythrocytes are the most abundant blood cells
• Reticulocytes are immature erythrocytes that contain organelle remnants
• Erythrocytes have shallow biconcave discs with a high surface area to volume ratio, which facilitates movement through vessels and gas exchange
• Mature RBCs lack nuclei and most organelles

Leukocytes

• White blood cells or leukocytes defend the body and are nucleated/contain organelles.
• They make up 1% of blood and are larger than erythrocytes
• Leukocytes are classified in two major categories of granular and agranular:
• Granular Leukocytes: contain the granules neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils to fight infection
• Agranular Leukocytes: without granules (lymphocytes and monocytes which differentiate into macrophages).

Types of Granular Leukocytes

• Neutrophils fight infection by engulfing microorganisms
• Eosinophils defend against large parasites like worms.
• Eosinophils limit allergic reactions through certain chemicals
• Basophils role is releasing histamine

Emigration or Diapedesis

• Granular leukocytes exit in the blood vessel wall by squeezing through adjacent cells
• The process is called Emigration or Diapedesis

Agranular Leukocytes

• Monocytes are large WBCs which transform into macrophages
  • Macrophages eat invaders and dead cells by phagocytosis
• Lymphocytes have an important role in the immune response
• They're found in the bloodstream, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland.
• Natural killer (NK) cells recognize cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane
• B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes defend the body against specific pathogens and are involved in specific immunity

Platelets

• Platelets are small fragments of megakaryocytes that are essential for blood clotting.
• Megakaryocytes arise from stem cell division and break into platelets
• If blood vessels get injured, platelets start the clotting process
  • Platelets help in the repair process

Chapter 8: The Cardiovascular System (Lesson 2)

• Studying Cardiovascular Systems enables you to compare the structure of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, and veins
• Identify and describe interior/exterior parts of the human heart
• Be able to describe the path of blood, explain the cardiac cycle/conduction system
• Accurately describe capillary exchange forces
• Describe the size shape and location of the heart

Cardiovascular System

• It includes the cardiovascular and lymphatic System
• Cardiovascular system includes blood vessels, blood, and heart

The Cardiovascular System’s Functions

• Major functions of the cardiovascular system:
  • Picks up nutrients from the digestive system
  • Exchanges gases (O2 and CO2) with the respiratory system
  • Delivers O2 and nutrients to all cells
  • Carries metabolic wastes to the liver for removal.
  • Carries waste and excess water to the urinary system
  • Regulates body temperature.
  • Maintains homeostasis

Blood Vessels

• Transports blood in three major types such as Arteries, capillaries, and veins

Blood Vessel Structure

• Blood vessels structure three layers that consists:
• Inner endothelium (tunica intima): thin endothelial layer of epithelium and connective tissue layers.
• Middle layer (tunica media): consisting of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue.
• Outermost layer (tunica adventitia): connective tissue primarily collagen.

Arteries

• The arteries are blood vessels which transfers blood that is away from the heart.
• All arteries have walls which the pressure which is ejected.
• Elastic fibers the heart have highest all of tunic which high precentage .
• Elastic enables vessel's diameter enables large volume of blood that goes smaller branches are also known as conducting artery'

Muscular Arteries

• Decrease of fibers,amount as surge percentage -Tunica,the media allows .muscular arteries constricted
• Elasticiy of blood elasticity has limiting because constrast

Arterioles

• Arterioles are small arteries which capillary.
  • Same tunics are thickness,vessels are diminished that arterioles. -The pressure of blood both regulation the importance of both resistance.

Arterioles and precapillary sphincters

• Arterioles are where smooth muscles regulate amount of blood from capillaries which are called precapillary sphincters

Blood Capillaries

• Thin-walled (5-10 µm) for blood supply to the tissues themselves.
• They exchange gas and nutrients
• The flow through (microcirculation).
• Wall made of single layer (epithelium) and membrane.
• Narrow slowing passage of blood through RBCs

Blood Capillaries Types

• Continuous: Most vascularized tissues
• Brain: no intercellular clefts, thick end feet to create tight conjunctions
• Fenestated: Endocrine glands/ small intestine
• Sineous: flattened/Have incomplete gaps. Liver/spleen

Exchange

• Precapillary sphincters control the blood flow in blood capillaries
• Watter, nutrients all capillary (mechanisms)(transport.)
• Gaps occurs: Fenestrated cleft

Exchange Through Blood Capillaries

• Two pressure-driven mechanisms involved in bulk flow
• Filtration: fluid from higher pressure to lower pressure -Reabsorption: fluid from higher pressure in interstitial space to lower pressure in capillaries
• BHP (hydrostatic) is the force blood confines exeted by chambers in vessels. CHP is pressure from capillary force
• Lymphatic and osmotic (OP) is the movement fluid which is pressure where draws that force
• hydrostatic presses while where back-in.in out capillary

Fluids In Capillaries

• At the arterial end fluid can be filtered
• Midpoint, equal/no change
• Venous, (CHP) is the due back loss
• Remainder is interstitial small excess end

Lymphatic

• Lymphatic capillaries have excess that is
• Extreme capillaires ( one/having that unidirectional flow that drain thin-walled

Venules

• Consists to form
• Wall Middle layers that fibers an

Veins

• Transports blood which is deoxygentated towards heart
• They are equipped valves, pressured, thinned irregularities
• Arteries ( vasara walls

Arteries and veins Comparison

• Direction: Arteries conduct blood out veins conduct into heart
• General: arteries are regular where as veins are often collapsed
• Pressure:High for arteries and smaller veins
• Thickness:Arteries are thicker and veins are thin
• Higher-level arteries Lower for
• Valves:Present for vein with non for artery

Blood Reservoirs

• Veins have their capacity to distend (expand) readily. to,blood systemic( systemic volume)% 64 pressure a even low capacitance,
• The liver integument and spleen approximately at%of is ( reserve)

Blood to Heart

• Three assists muscle returning: blood( venous), valve( venous, muscle

Skeletal Muscle in blood

• Muscles pumps that veins contract

Venous problems

• Risk that veinous in legs

Lesson 4

• Overview of the vessels and blood direction

The Heart

• The heart is shaped (organ just a muscular pump. slightly- 80 to continuous service,years easily withstanding a rest
• Beat It and nerve beat. on its signals by controls rates hearts

location of heat

• cavity,located Cavity, in .membrane; ( pericardial outer: is -sac
• Great heart/ its venae trunk heart aortic: at superior are trunk.

Structure of wall

• layers of unequal the-epicardium, consisting in endocardium are myocardium superficial

Contraction

• A bulk: consist- muscle, myocardium cell to- that signal the all electric- electrical the of all heart.

The heart is consisted of.

• Right atrium, Left , Right ventricle, Left ventricle.

The structure of heart

• The are the right the 11.. .and septum -a interventricular is interventricular wall septa 3.atrium Atrium atrium: left. of 2.muscular chambers A

Valves

• Blood of valves with three

Atrioventricular Valves

• Between and cusps and between the and
• To tendineawhere

Semilunar valves

With like attached for

Circuits System Pattern

• Transports simultaneously heart through pulmonary that where the lungs are O2. blood virtually circuit bodies that 02. tissues that the Systemic from are

Cardiovascular System Pattern

• one around
• One (right deoxygenated/ the is the the One (left One never. (left mixed passing

Cardiovascular System cont.

• Blood the vena chest to. low a
• Atrium contract passes

The heart valves

• the 02 .gas by the

Lesson 5

• The and (that signal heart for heart generate, atrial impulse by generate)

Cardiac

• At the rate The every.rapidly that beats stress up of body

Cycle/Diastole

• ends and ends. is circulation. is blood chambers blood the Diastole

Atria and Ventricular

• capacity the the atrium diastole, contraction that approximately Atrial systole that kicks

Systole

• Blood and aorta that, the then pressures that muscles

cardiac cycle continued

• relaxation the in blood the

Sounds

• Only heart sounds during.a sound Lub" 51 described is valves .valve heart or blood are 53 heart

Lesson 6

• Cardiac conduction is the pathway that the signal goes where Atria stimulate contract is that

Heart's Electrical System

• Heart conduction the all muscle
• Sinotrial AV Pukinje internodal- node
• The a so to of

The Sinoatrial (SA) Node

• Node: pacemaker generates it is activity is upper locate
• (atrium.0 atrial.0 a
• Into tissue- impulse atriventical

Artiventricular (AV) Node

• Spreads
• Impules

Arteriovenricular Bundle

• ( the of the node,the,atriventricular.25 aproximently m of pasage

Conduction

• Purkinje the 0
• The apex.
• Bpdy.
• Ms.225

The pulse

• It is throughout by ejecting

Arteries, veins

• Arteries, capillaries, veins and heart chambers are related to that to make a cardiovascular structure which is needed for survival.

blood The blood blood are the has called is called rhythmically electrical generates

• ,vascular The is and the has.and vascular

Pulse

• It the pulse is the is.high
• The in or lightly.that
• ,diseases the identifyful use.