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Questions and Answers
What does the process of disjunction refer to in biogeography?
What does the process of disjunction refer to in biogeography?
- The emergence of land bridges
- The dynamic change of species distributions
- The isolation of widely separated populations (correct)
- The adaptation of species to new environments
What was Joseph Hooker’s view on species distribution in comparison to Darwin's?
What was Joseph Hooker’s view on species distribution in comparison to Darwin's?
- Diversification is solely due to natural selection.
- Long distance dispersal is the only explanation for species distribution.
- Land bridges were responsible for species spread and separation. (correct)
- Species distributions remain unchanged over time.
What observation did Hooker make about isolated island floras in relation to the mainland?
What observation did Hooker make about isolated island floras in relation to the mainland?
- They are unresponsive to environmental changes.
- Their plant species diversity increases with isolation.
- They are identical to those of the mainland.
- They exhibit greater distinctness as isolation increases. (correct)
Which factor did Darwin suggest was responsible for the adaptation and diversification of biotas?
Which factor did Darwin suggest was responsible for the adaptation and diversification of biotas?
What hypothesis regarding land bridges was abandoned by the end of the 19th century?
What hypothesis regarding land bridges was abandoned by the end of the 19th century?
Which biogeographic principle did Hooker develop that relates to species distribution due to geological changes?
Which biogeographic principle did Hooker develop that relates to species distribution due to geological changes?
Which of the following does NOT represent a factor in species distribution according to the historical biogeography context?
Which of the following does NOT represent a factor in species distribution according to the historical biogeography context?
In what way did Darwin's observations impact biogeographical theories?
In what way did Darwin's observations impact biogeographical theories?
What was the main focus of Comte de Buffon's contribution to biogeography?
What was the main focus of Comte de Buffon's contribution to biogeography?
Which naturalist is primarily associated with the concept of species diversity being correlated with island size?
Which naturalist is primarily associated with the concept of species diversity being correlated with island size?
What did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of biogeography?
What did Charles Darwin contribute to the understanding of biogeography?
Which naturalist is most closely associated with the idea of climate and species being changeable?
Which naturalist is most closely associated with the idea of climate and species being changeable?
What concept is attributed to Alexander von Humboldt in biogeography?
What concept is attributed to Alexander von Humboldt in biogeography?
Which naturalist suggested a theoretical framework for biotic patterns in regards to spatial and temporal distribution?
Which naturalist suggested a theoretical framework for biotic patterns in regards to spatial and temporal distribution?
Which biogeographer emphasized the strong correlation between plant vegetation types and local climate?
Which biogeographer emphasized the strong correlation between plant vegetation types and local climate?
What did Phillip Sclater's research primarily focus on in biogeography?
What did Phillip Sclater's research primarily focus on in biogeography?
What is the main purpose of using disjunct species in biogeography?
What is the main purpose of using disjunct species in biogeography?
Which biogeographical theory focuses on the diversity of island biota?
Which biogeographical theory focuses on the diversity of island biota?
How has the focus of biogeography changed since the 1960s?
How has the focus of biogeography changed since the 1960s?
What did L Croizat contribute to the field of biogeography?
What did L Croizat contribute to the field of biogeography?
Which aspect of biogeography became prominent in the study of species distributions after the 1960s?
Which aspect of biogeography became prominent in the study of species distributions after the 1960s?
What is a significant outcome of evaluating disjunct geographical distributions?
What is a significant outcome of evaluating disjunct geographical distributions?
What investigation did G.E. Hutchinson primarily focus on in biogeography?
What investigation did G.E. Hutchinson primarily focus on in biogeography?
What has been an essential method in tracing the history and relationships of taxa?
What has been an essential method in tracing the history and relationships of taxa?
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Study Notes
Biogeography and Abiotic Factors
- Abiotic environment significantly influences the distribution of individuals and populations.
- The diversity of species across different regions is shaped by these environmental limitations.
Technological Advancements
- Progress in computer technology enhances the analysis of biogeographic patterns.
- Tools like satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial statistics facilitate local to global exploration of biogeography.
Contributions of Notable Naturalists
- Linnaeus: Developed a method for classifying plants and animals from Mount Ararat.
- Comte de Buffon: Suggested plants and animals dispersed from the Arctic region.
- Johann Forster: Highlighted that distant regions with similar climates can have varying animal species.
- Alexander von Humboldt: Emphasized the dynamic relationship between climate and species.
- Charles Darwin: Proposed that natural selection accounts for diversification and adaptation, while geographic isolation and dispersal impact species distribution.
- Phillip Sclater: Identified global biotic regions specifically for birds.
- Alfred Wallace: Contributed to the understanding of species diversity correlating with island size.
- A.L. Wegener: Introduced the concept of continental drift, which explains the spread of species over landmasses.
- L. Croizat: Resurrected interest in disjunct species to reconstruct historical connections between regions.
- R.H. MacArthur and E.O. Wilson: Formulated the theory of island biogeography, explaining species diversity on islands.
Dynamic Nature of Distributions
- Both Darwin and Joseph Hooker acknowledged that species distributions are not static.
- Hooker theorized that ancient land bridges accounted for species spread, although this idea was later dismissed.
Vicariance Biogeography
- Hooker's work in island biotas demonstrated that isolation impacts plant species diversity.
- Increased isolation leads to a decrease in species number but greater distinctness among populations.
Reconstructing Historical Connections
- Biogeographers utilize disjunct species to uncover past land or water connections and long-distance dispersal events.
- Interest in reconstructing biogeographical histories has been fueled by Croizat's writings on disjunct species.
Shift in Biogeographical Focus
- Pre-1950s biogeography focused on evolutionary and historical perspectives.
- Since the 1960s, ecological biogeography gained traction, examining species interactions and distributions.
- G.E. Hutchinson explored interspecific interactions that affect species coexistence, while MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography theory explicates variations in island species diversity.
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