Questions and Answers
What is bioenergetics?
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts
What do organic catalysts do?
Speed up the rate of a reaction without altering the reaction itself
What are exergonic reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What are endergonic reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is activation energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What does enzyme specificity mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What are substrates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the active site?
Signup and view all the answers
Substrate A + substrate B + enzyme -> ______ -> enzyme + product
Signup and view all the answers
What is induced fit in enzymes?
Signup and view all the answers
What are coenzymes?
Signup and view all the answers
What are cofactors?
Signup and view all the answers
What are allosteric sites?
Signup and view all the answers
What are allosteric regulators?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an allosteric inhibitor?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an allosteric activator?
Signup and view all the answers
Allosteric enzymes are subject to ______ in which the formation of an end product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence
Signup and view all the answers
What is competitive inhibition?
Signup and view all the answers
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the second law of thermodynamics explain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is entropy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is photosynthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cellular respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is aerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is anaerobic respiration?
Signup and view all the answers
What is glycolysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is pyruvic acid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is acetyl coenzyme A?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Bioenergetics and Enzymes
- Bioenergetics refers to the flow and transformation of energy within organisms, focusing on how energy is utilized.
- Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts, accelerating reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed in the process.
- Organic catalysts, such as enzymes, enhance reaction rates without altering the reaction itself.
Types of Reactions
- Exergonic reactions release energy, resulting in products with less energy than the reactants.
- Endergonic reactions require energy input, producing products with higher energy than the starting reactants.
Enzyme Functionality
- Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
- Enzymes exhibit specificity, catalyzing only a particular type of reaction.
- Substrates are the reactants upon which enzymes act, and they bind at the active site of the enzyme.
Complexes and Interactions
- The enzyme-substrate complex forms when substrates bind to enzymes, leading to product formation.
- Induced fit describes how enzymes slightly alter their shape to fit the substrates better during the reaction.
Cofactors and Coenzymes
- Coenzymes are organic molecules, often vitamins, that assist enzymes by transferring electrons or functional groups.
- Cofactors are inorganic elements, typically metal ions, essential for enzyme activity.
Enzyme Regulation
- Allosteric sites allow the binding of substrates or regulators, affecting enzyme activity.
- Allosteric regulators can either inhibit or activate enzyme functions.
- Feedback inhibition is a process where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved earlier in the pathway.
Inhibition Types
- Competitive inhibition occurs when a substrate with a similar shape occupies the active site, preventing substrate binding.
- Noncompetitive inhibition happens when an inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme, changing its shape and rendering it inactive.
Thermodynamics Principles
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it remains constant in the universe.
- The second law of thermodynamics indicates that energy transfers lead to increased disorder (entropy).
Entropy
- Entropy quantifies the energy in a system that is no longer available for useful work, representing a tendency towards disorder.
Energy Transformation Processes
- Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy, formulated as: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
- Cellular respiration utilizes glucose and oxygen, represented by the equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Cellular Respiration Types
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and includes steps: Glycolysis, Formation of Acetyl CoA, The Krebs Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
- Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.
Glycolysis and Subsequent Pathways
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules, occurring in the cytoplasm, yielding a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Pyruvic acid, a product of glycolysis, is essential for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways.
- Acetyl coenzyme A is formed from pyruvic acid in aerobic respiration, releasing CO2 and producing 2 NADH during the process.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on bioenergetics and the role of enzymes as biological catalysts. This quiz covers topics such as energy transformations, types of reactions, and enzyme functionality, including substrate interaction and activation energy. Challenge yourself to understand how these processes sustain life at a molecular level.
