Bioenergetics and ATP Production
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Questions and Answers

How many protons are pumped by 1 molecule of NADH?

  • 2
  • 1
  • 3 (correct)
  • 4

    • FADH2 produces more ATP than NADH in oxidative phosphorylation.

    False (B)

    What is the total ATP yield from one mole of glucose during oxidative phosphorylation?

    36 or 38 ATP

    Glycogen is stored in the body to provide a rapidly mobilized form of __________.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substrates with their respective metabolic pathways:

    <p>Glucose = Glycolysis Glycogen = Glycogen degradation Pyruvate = Gluconeogenesis Ribose 5-Phosphate = Pentose Phosphate Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shuttle converts NADH into FADH2 inside the mitochondria?

    <p>Glycerol 3-phosphate Shuttle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one enzyme involved in gluconeogenesis.

    <p>Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the oxidative state, __________ can enter from Complex I.

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of blood glucose?

    <p>Lipolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is glycogen?

    <p>Polysaccharide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen functions only in the liver for glucose regulation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glycogen in the liver?

    <p>Regulates blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The branching part of glycogen is linked by ______ bonds.

    <p>α-(1,6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with their functions:

    <p>Glycolysis = Converts glucose to pyruvate Gluconeogenesis = Generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources Pentose Phosphate Pathway = Produces NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate Glycogenolysis = Breaks down glycogen to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of UDP in glycogen synthesis?

    <p>It activates glucose 1-P for integration to glycogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribose 5-phosphate is involved in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one product of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway.

    <p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative ΔG value indicate about a reaction?

    <p>The reaction is spontaneous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxidative phosphorylation involves the use of ATP as an electron carrier.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main roles of glycolysis?

    <p>Energy production and providing intermediates for other metabolic pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle.

    <p>TCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Glycogenesis = Formation of glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis = Breakdown of glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis = Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors Fermentation = Process to regenerate NAD+ under anaerobic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method of ATP production?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of the TCA cycle is to harvest low-energy electrons from carbon fuels.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NADH and FADH2 primarily used for in bioenergetics?

    <p>They are electron carriers used in ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of converting pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA links glycolysis to the _________ cycle.

    <p>TCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following metabolic pathways with their purposes:

    <p>Pentose Phosphate Pathway = Nucleotide synthesis Glycolysis = Glucose breakdown Citrate Cycle = Energy harvesting Fermentation = Anaerobic ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced when ATP is hydrolyzed?

    <p>ADP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in both glycolysis and the TCA cycle.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy currency of the cell?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NAD+ is regenerated during the process of _________ when oxygen is absent.

    <p>fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Bioenergetics

    The study of energy transfer and utilization within living organisms.

    Free Energy Change (ΔG)

    The energy difference between reactants and products in a reaction.

    Exergonic Reaction

    A reaction that releases energy, making it spontaneous.

    Endergonic Reaction

    A reaction that requires energy input, making it non-spontaneous.

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    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

    The main energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes.

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    Substrate-level Phosphorylation

    The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, generating ATP.

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    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    The production of ATP using a proton gradient generated by an electron transport chain.

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    Glycolysis

    The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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    Gluconeogenesis

    The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, like pyruvate or lactate.

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    Pentose Phosphate Pathway

    A metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate, essential for nucleotide synthesis.

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    Glycogenolysis

    The breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, releasing glucose into the bloodstream.

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    Glycogenesis

    The synthesis of glycogen from glucose, storing excess glucose.

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    Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)

    A series of enzymatic reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

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    Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

    A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, generating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

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    Pyruvate Oxidation

    The process of converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the TCA cycle.

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    Glycogen

    A branched polymer of glucose, providing a storage form for sugars. Found in liver and muscles.

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    Citric Acid Cycle

    A series of reactions that oxidize acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2. It's a key stage of cellular respiration.

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    Electron Transport Chain

    A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, generating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

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    What is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    Electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It's responsible for generating a proton gradient across the membrane, which drives ATP synthesis.

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    What are NADH and FADH2 and where do they enter the ETC?

    NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that deliver electrons to the ETC. NADH enters at Complex I, while FADH2 enters at Complex II.

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    How does the ETC generate a proton gradient?

    Proton pumping occurs as electrons move through the ETC, and this pumping creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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    What is ATP synthase and how does it work?

    ATP synthase is an enzyme that uses the proton gradient to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. It's powered by the flow of protons back across the membrane.

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    What is glycolysis?

    Glycolysis is the initial stage of glucose breakdown, producing pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm.

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    What is the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex?

    The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH. This happens in the mitochondria.

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    What is the Krebs cycle?

    The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) produces NADH, FADH2, and ATP. It's a series of reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix.

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    What is the malate-aspartate shuttle?

    The malate-aspartate shuttle is a mechanism that allows NADH from the cytoplasm to enter the mitochondria, generating 1 NADH for every NADH from glycolysis.

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    What is the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?

    The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is another mechanism that allows NADH from the cytoplasm to enter the mitochondria, generating 1 FADH2 for every NADH from glycolysis.

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    What is gluconeogenesis?

    Gluconeogenesis is the process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol. It occurs primarily in the liver.

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    Study Notes

    Bioenergetics

    • Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems.
    • Bioenergetics predicts if a process is possible, while kinetics measures the reaction rate.
    • Enzymes do not change the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of a reaction, they lower the activation energy
    • A spontaneous reaction has a negative ΔG (exergonic), meaning it releases energy.
    • A non-spontaneous reaction has a positive ΔG (endergonic), meaning it requires energy input.
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes.
    • ATP provides energy for various cellular processes through the breakdown of its phosphate bonds.
    • Different types of reactions can be coupled to facilitate unfavorable reactions.

    ATP Production

    • Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP. It occurs during glycolysis.
    • Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that produces ATP through the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. It involves the electron transport chain (ETC).

    Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
    • Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH as energy carriers.
    • Glycolysis produces intermediates that can be used in other metabolic pathways.
    • Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
    • Glycolysis takes place in two separate stages: the investment phase and the harvest phase.
    • Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
    • There are three regulated steps in Glycolysis and they are often regulated in response to hormonal cues.

    TCA Cycle

    • The citric acid cycle, also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the Krebs cycle, is a central metabolic pathway for the oxidation of Acetyl-CoA.
    • The TCA cycle is localized in the mitochondrial matrix.
    • The TCA cycle generates high-energy electrons (NADH and FADH2) and CO2.
    • Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the matrix in the mitochondria.
    • The TCA cycle happens inside the mitochondria.

    Oxidative Phosphorylation and ETC

    • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transported through a series of protein complexes called the electron transport chain (ETC).
    • The flow of electrons through the ETC creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • ATP is synthesized by ATP synthase using the energy from the proton gradient.
    • NADH produces more ATP than FADH2.

    Pentose Phosphate Pathway

    • The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway for glucose metabolism.
    • This pathway produces NADPH, a reducing agent required in various biosynthetic reactions.
    • This pathway produces Ribose 5 Phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis.
    • This pathway has two phases. The oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase.

    Glycogen

    • Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in animals.
    • Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and muscles.
    • Glycogen synthesis and degradation are regulated processes.

    Glycogen Metabolism

    • Glycogen synthesis involves the activation of glucose and its incorporation into a glycogen molecule
    • Glycogen degradation involves the cleavage of glucose from the end of a glycogen chain

    Hormonal Regulation of Glycolysis

    • Hormones like insulin and glucagon regulate glycolytic activity depending on the body needs.

    Transfer of Cytoplasmic NADH to Mitochondria

    • Cytoplasmic NADH cannot directly enter the mitochondria and must use a shuttle system.
    • Two common shuttle mechanisms are the malate-aspartate shuttle and the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle.

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    Description

    Explore the principles of bioenergetics and the crucial role of ATP in energy transfer within biological systems. This quiz covers concepts such as Gibbs free energy, enzyme action, and different ATP production methods, including substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.

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