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Questions and Answers
What type of genetic variation is measured within a population of a species?
What type of genetic variation is measured within a population of a species?
- Interpopulational variation
- Evolutionary variation
- Intrapopulational variation (correct)
- Geographic variation
Genetic variation in a species is only the result of intrapopulational variation.
Genetic variation in a species is only the result of intrapopulational variation.
False (B)
What is used to infer geographic partitioning of genetic variation?
What is used to infer geographic partitioning of genetic variation?
Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA
The study of _______ is primarily focused on improving production for commercialization rather than for conservation.
The study of _______ is primarily focused on improving production for commercialization rather than for conservation.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Which of the following statements is true about genetic studies in the Philippines?
Which of the following statements is true about genetic studies in the Philippines?
Geographic variation is observed in virtually every species.
Geographic variation is observed in virtually every species.
What is the primary goal of the majority of genetic studies conducted in the Philippines?
What is the primary goal of the majority of genetic studies conducted in the Philippines?
What is habitat fragmentation?
What is habitat fragmentation?
Genetic uniformity can be a consequence of habitat fragmentation.
Genetic uniformity can be a consequence of habitat fragmentation.
What occurs when a population reaches its lowest total number of individuals?
What occurs when a population reaches its lowest total number of individuals?
The introduction of __________ species can negatively impact native species.
The introduction of __________ species can negatively impact native species.
Match the type of ecological phenomenon with its description:
Match the type of ecological phenomenon with its description:
According to the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography, which factor affects species diversity?
According to the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography, which factor affects species diversity?
Isolated habitats can increase genetic diversity among species.
Isolated habitats can increase genetic diversity among species.
What is a potential consequence of the introduction of invasive species?
What is a potential consequence of the introduction of invasive species?
What does genetic diversity refer to?
What does genetic diversity refer to?
Genetic variation can only be observed at the phenotypic level.
Genetic variation can only be observed at the phenotypic level.
What is the mutualistic relationship observed between Hardwicke's woolly bats and the plant N. hemsleyana?
What is the mutualistic relationship observed between Hardwicke's woolly bats and the plant N. hemsleyana?
The plant N. rajah has evolved to become a customized toilet for local ______.
The plant N. rajah has evolved to become a customized toilet for local ______.
Match the following plants with their respective relationships or functions:
Match the following plants with their respective relationships or functions:
What percentage of total foliar nitrogen does N. hemsleyana derive from bat droppings?
What percentage of total foliar nitrogen does N. hemsleyana derive from bat droppings?
Genetic variation has no impact on the survival of species.
Genetic variation has no impact on the survival of species.
Gene variations can be studied at the ______ level.
Gene variations can be studied at the ______ level.
Which of the following species is known to hybridize with the native population of T.lanceolata?
Which of the following species is known to hybridize with the native population of T.lanceolata?
Introgressive hybridization refers to the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another through repeated backcrossing.
Introgressive hybridization refers to the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another through repeated backcrossing.
Name one consequence of hybridization on genetic integrity.
Name one consequence of hybridization on genetic integrity.
Certain animals with low genetic diversity show reduced birth rates, growth rates, and __________.
Certain animals with low genetic diversity show reduced birth rates, growth rates, and __________.
Match the species with their corresponding traits:
Match the species with their corresponding traits:
What is one impact of the loss of genetic diversity?
What is one impact of the loss of genetic diversity?
Genetic loss is always immediately detected due to its apparent nature.
Genetic loss is always immediately detected due to its apparent nature.
What indicates a loss of biodiversity over several generations?
What indicates a loss of biodiversity over several generations?
What is inbreeding?
What is inbreeding?
Inbreeding depression is a pattern of increased reproduction and survival.
Inbreeding depression is a pattern of increased reproduction and survival.
What is the inbreeding coefficient?
What is the inbreeding coefficient?
The 1% rule in conservation genetics refers to the maximum change in the inbreeding coefficient (ΔF) per generation, which is _____ per generation.
The 1% rule in conservation genetics refers to the maximum change in the inbreeding coefficient (ΔF) per generation, which is _____ per generation.
What minimum effective population size is considered sufficient for short-term fitness preservation?
What minimum effective population size is considered sufficient for short-term fitness preservation?
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
The North American bison population was historically between 30 and 60 million individuals.
The North American bison population was historically between 30 and 60 million individuals.
What are the names of the two remaining wild bison herds in the mid-1880s?
What are the names of the two remaining wild bison herds in the mid-1880s?
Study Notes
Genetic Diversity
- Genetic diversity refers to variations in genes, chromosomes, and nucleic acids among individuals of a species.
- It can be assessed at molecular levels, indicating species' adaptability to environmental changes and potential survival.
- There are two main types of genetic variation:
- Intrapopulational variation: Genetic differences within a single population.
- Interpopulational variation: Genetic differences between multiple populations.
- The overall genetic variation of a species is derived from both intrapopulational and interpopulational variations.
Biodiversity in Philippine Species
- Most genetic studies focus on economically valuable plants and animals, often neglecting conservation of wild flora and fauna.
- Few species in the Philippines have been systematically studied for genetic variation within their populations.
- Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is primarily used to study geographic partitioning of genetic variation and identify evolutionarily distinct lineages.
Threats to Genetic Diversity
- Habitat Fragmentation: Occurs through natural events and human activities, leading to smaller, isolated populations that can lose genetic diversity and viability.
- Introduction of Exotic/Invasive Species: Rapidly spreading invasive species compete with native species, leading to possible extinction or decline of native populations.
- Hybridization: Exotic species can hybridize with natives, diluting the genetic integrity of native populations through introgression.
Impacts of Low Genetic Diversity
- Low genetic diversity leads to diminished reproductive rates, growth, disease resistance, and adaptability.
- Population size may shrink as successive generations struggle to reproduce successfully due to genetic uniformity.
- Inbreeding can occur, exacerbating these issues and leading to inbreeding depression.
Theoretical Foundations in Conservation Genetics
- Inbreeding is the mating of related individuals, leading to the accumulation of deleterious genetic traits.
- Inbreeding Coefficient (ΔF) measures the likelihood of alleles at the same locus being identical due to descent.
- The “1% rule” in conservation biology suggests that to maintain fitness, the change in inbreeding coefficient should not exceed 1% per generation.
- A viable population size for short-term fitness preservation is considered to be at least 50 individuals.
Case Study: Bison
- Historically, bison had a population of 30 to 60 million in North America.
- By the mid-1880s, extensive hunting reduced the population to only two surviving wild herds, endangering their genetic diversity.
Specific Biological Relationships
- Hardwicke's woolly bats (Kerivoula hardwickii) and Nepenthes hemsleyana exhibit mutualism; bats use the plant for shelter while providing nitrogen in the form of droppings, significantly enhancing the plant's nutrient uptake.
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Description
Explore the concept of genetic diversity in this quiz. Learn about the variations in genes, alleles, and nucleic acids that contribute to the uniqueness of living organisms. Understand the importance of genetic variation in evolution and ecology.
