Biodiversity at the Genetic Level
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Questions and Answers

What type of genetic variation is measured within a population of a species?

  • Interpopulational variation
  • Evolutionary variation
  • Intrapopulational variation (correct)
  • Geographic variation

    • Genetic variation in a species is only the result of intrapopulational variation.

    False

    What is used to infer geographic partitioning of genetic variation?

    Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA

    The study of _______ is primarily focused on improving production for commercialization rather than for conservation.

    <p>economic value plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Intrapopulational variation = Variation within a population of a species Interpopulational variation = Variation between populations of species Geographic variation = Differences in genetic variation across different locations Conservation action = Identifying evolutionarily distinct lineages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about genetic studies in the Philippines?

    <p>Only high economic value plants and animals are studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geographic variation is observed in virtually every species.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the majority of genetic studies conducted in the Philippines?

    <p>Improving production for commercialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is habitat fragmentation?

    <p>Reduction or disruption of original habitats into small fractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic uniformity can be a consequence of habitat fragmentation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a population reaches its lowest total number of individuals?

    <p>Each subsequent generation becomes less able to reproduce successfully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The introduction of __________ species can negatively impact native species.

    <p>exotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of ecological phenomenon with its description:

    <p>Habitat Fragmentation = Reduction of natural habitats into smaller pieces Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography = Species diversity decreases with isolation and habitat size Exotic Species = Non-native species that may outcompete locals Population Decline = Reduction in reproductive success over generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography, which factor affects species diversity?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isolated habitats can increase genetic diversity among species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the introduction of invasive species?

    <p>Competing with and displacing native species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genetic diversity refer to?

    <p>Variations in the chromosomes, genes, alleles, or nucleic acids within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic variation can only be observed at the phenotypic level.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mutualistic relationship observed between Hardwicke's woolly bats and the plant N. hemsleyana?

    <p>The plant provides shelter for the bats, and in return, receives nitrogen input from the bats' droppings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plant N. rajah has evolved to become a customized toilet for local ______.

    <p>tree shrews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their respective relationships or functions:

    <p>N. hemsleyana = Provides shelter for Hardwicke's woolly bats N. rajah = Customized toilet for tree shrews Hardwicke's woolly bats = Source of nitrogen for N. hemsleyana Tree shrews = Beneficiaries of N. rajah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total foliar nitrogen does N. hemsleyana derive from bat droppings?

    <p>33.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic variation has no impact on the survival of species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene variations can be studied at the ______ level.

    <p>molecular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species is known to hybridize with the native population of T.lanceolata?

    <p>Tanakia limbata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Introgressive hybridization refers to the transfer of genetic material from one species into the gene pool of another through repeated backcrossing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one consequence of hybridization on genetic integrity.

    <p>Decline in genetic integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain animals with low genetic diversity show reduced birth rates, growth rates, and __________.

    <p>resistance to diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the species with their corresponding traits:

    <p>Clarias macrocephalus = Introduced catfish species found in Lake Lanao Ambystoma californiense = Native amphibian with hybrid concerns Oreochromis niloticus = Non-native fish associated with aquaculture Tanakia limbata = Potential threat to native fishes through hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one impact of the loss of genetic diversity?

    <p>Changes in metabolic efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic loss is always immediately detected due to its apparent nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a loss of biodiversity over several generations?

    <p>Progressive decline in genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inbreeding?

    <p>The mating of genetically-related individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inbreeding depression is a pattern of increased reproduction and survival.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inbreeding coefficient?

    <p>The probability that two alleles at the same locus in an individual are identical by descent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1% rule in conservation genetics refers to the maximum change in the inbreeding coefficient (ΔF) per generation, which is _____ per generation.

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What minimum effective population size is considered sufficient for short-term fitness preservation?

    <p>50 individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Inbreeding = Mating of genetically-related individuals Inbreeding Depression = Reduced reproduction and survival Effective Population Size = Minimum number of individuals for genetic diversity Bison Population = Decimated by hunting to two wild herds by the mid-1880s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The North American bison population was historically between 30 and 60 million individuals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the two remaining wild bison herds in the mid-1880s?

    <p>Wood Buffalo National Park and Yellowstone National Park</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetic Diversity

    • Genetic diversity refers to variations in genes, chromosomes, and nucleic acids among individuals of a species.
    • It can be assessed at molecular levels, indicating species' adaptability to environmental changes and potential survival.
    • There are two main types of genetic variation:
      • Intrapopulational variation: Genetic differences within a single population.
      • Interpopulational variation: Genetic differences between multiple populations.
    • The overall genetic variation of a species is derived from both intrapopulational and interpopulational variations.

    Biodiversity in Philippine Species

    • Most genetic studies focus on economically valuable plants and animals, often neglecting conservation of wild flora and fauna.
    • Few species in the Philippines have been systematically studied for genetic variation within their populations.
    • Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is primarily used to study geographic partitioning of genetic variation and identify evolutionarily distinct lineages.

    Threats to Genetic Diversity

    • Habitat Fragmentation: Occurs through natural events and human activities, leading to smaller, isolated populations that can lose genetic diversity and viability.
    • Introduction of Exotic/Invasive Species: Rapidly spreading invasive species compete with native species, leading to possible extinction or decline of native populations.
    • Hybridization: Exotic species can hybridize with natives, diluting the genetic integrity of native populations through introgression.

    Impacts of Low Genetic Diversity

    • Low genetic diversity leads to diminished reproductive rates, growth, disease resistance, and adaptability.
    • Population size may shrink as successive generations struggle to reproduce successfully due to genetic uniformity.
    • Inbreeding can occur, exacerbating these issues and leading to inbreeding depression.

    Theoretical Foundations in Conservation Genetics

    • Inbreeding is the mating of related individuals, leading to the accumulation of deleterious genetic traits.
    • Inbreeding Coefficient (ΔF) measures the likelihood of alleles at the same locus being identical due to descent.
    • The “1% rule” in conservation biology suggests that to maintain fitness, the change in inbreeding coefficient should not exceed 1% per generation.
    • A viable population size for short-term fitness preservation is considered to be at least 50 individuals.

    Case Study: Bison

    • Historically, bison had a population of 30 to 60 million in North America.
    • By the mid-1880s, extensive hunting reduced the population to only two surviving wild herds, endangering their genetic diversity.

    Specific Biological Relationships

    • Hardwicke's woolly bats (Kerivoula hardwickii) and Nepenthes hemsleyana exhibit mutualism; bats use the plant for shelter while providing nitrogen in the form of droppings, significantly enhancing the plant's nutrient uptake.

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    Biodiversity at the Genetic Level PDF

    Description

    Explore the concept of genetic diversity in this quiz. Learn about the variations in genes, alleles, and nucleic acids that contribute to the uniqueness of living organisms. Understand the importance of genetic variation in evolution and ecology.

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