Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of ecosystem service includes benefits such as food, water, and timber?

  • Regulating
  • Cultural
  • Provisioning (correct)
  • Supporting

What is a strategy for habitat conservation that involves the establishment of places like national parks?

  • Restoration
  • Native Species Encouragement
  • Sustainable Management
  • Protected Areas (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a cause of species extinction?

  • Pollution
  • Endangered Species Act (correct)
  • Climate Change
  • Overexploitation

What threat to genetic diversity can result from habitat fragmentation?

<p>Decreased gene flow among populations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do invasive species typically impact native ecosystems?

<p>They can outcompete native species for resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a constructor in a class?

<p>To initialize objects with specific values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which keyword is used to define instance attributes within a class?

<p>self (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can class attributes be accessed?

<p>Directly through the class name (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the print_details method do in the Student class?

<p>It prints the name and marks of a student (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes instance attributes from class attributes?

<p>Instance attributes belong to specific objects only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly calls the print_details method on an object?

<p>student1.print_details() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of constructor takes additional arguments to initialize an object?

<p>Parameterized constructor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If no constructor is defined in a class, what type is automatically created?

<p>Default constructor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a constructor in a class?

<p>To initialize the object's attributes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines an object of the class 'Student'?

<p>student1 = Student('Karan', 97) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'self' parameter in the constructor refer to?

<p>The instance of the object being created (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are attributes and methods of an object accessed?

<p>Using the dot operator (.) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about classes in Python?

<p>Classes are defined using the 'class' keyword (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents a real-world entity in object-oriented programming?

<p>An object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which line of code correctly initializes the 'name' and 'marks' attributes in the Student class?

<p>self.name = name; self.marks = marks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the class definition provide in object-oriented programming?

<p>A blueprint for creating objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Biodiversity

Ecosystem Services

  • Definition: Benefits provided by ecosystems to humans.
  • Types:
    • Provisioning: Food, water, timber, medicines.
    • Regulating: Climate regulation, disease control, flood protection.
    • Cultural: Recreation, spiritual enrichment, aesthetic values.
    • Supporting: Nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production.

Habitat Conservation

  • Importance: Protects ecosystems and the species that live within them.
  • Strategies:
    • Protected Areas: National parks, wildlife reserves.
    • Restoration: Rehabilitating degraded habitats.
    • Sustainable Management: Using resources in a way that meets needs without compromising future generations.

Species Extinction

  • Causes:
    • Habitat Loss: Deforestation, urbanization, agriculture.
    • Overexploitation: Overfishing, poaching, logging.
    • Pollution: Contaminants affecting ecosystems.
    • Climate Change: Altering habitats and species distribution.
  • Consequences:
    • Loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, reduced resilience to environmental changes.

Invasive Species

  • Definition: Non-native species that spread widely and cause harm.
  • Impacts:
    • Outcompete native species for resources.
    • Alter habitats and ecosystem processes.
    • Can introduce diseases to native populations.
  • Examples: Zebra mussels, Asian carp, garlic mustard.

Genetic Diversity

  • Definition: The variety of genes within a species.
  • Importance:
    • Increases adaptability to changing environments.
    • Enhances resilience against diseases.
    • Supports ecosystem stability.
  • Threats:
    • Habitat fragmentation reduces gene flow.
    • Monoculture practices in agriculture diminish diversity.

Ecosystem Services

  • Ecosystems provide various benefits to humans, collectively known as ecosystem services.
  • Provisioning services involve the direct products of an ecosystem, including food, freshwater, timber, medicinal resources, and fiber.
  • Regulating services focus on the benefits humans derive from processes that regulate the environment, such as climate regulation, disease control, flood protection, and water purification.
  • Cultural services encompass the non-material benefits humans gain from ecosystems, including recreation, aesthetic beauty, spiritual enrichment, and cultural identity.
  • Supporting services are necessary for the functioning of all other ecosystem services, and include processes such as nutrient cycling, soil formation, and primary production.

Habitat Conservation

  • Protecting ecosystems and the species that inhabit them is crucial for maintaining biodiversity.
  • Protected Areas such as national parks and wildlife reserves provide safe havens for diverse species, safeguarding them from human activities.
  • Habitat Restoration involves rehabilitating degraded ecosystems through actions like planting trees, restoring wetlands, or removing invasive species.
  • Sustainable Management aims to use resources in a way that meets current needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, ensuring the long-term health of ecosystems and their services.

Species Extinction

  • The loss of species from Earth is a significant environmental problem.
  • Major causes of extinction include habitat loss through deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion.
  • Overexploitation through activities like overfishing, poaching, and unsustainable logging also contribute to species decline.
  • Pollution from various sources contaminates ecosystems, harming species and disrupting natural processes.
  • Climate Change alters ecosystems by causing shifts in species distribution, changes in weather patterns, and increased threats from invasive species.
  • The consequences of species extinction include a loss of biological diversity, disrupting ecosystem functions, decreasing resilience to environmental changes, and impacting human well-being.

Invasive Species

  • Invasive species are non-native organisms that spread widely and cause harm to native species, ecosystems, and human interests.
  • Impacts of invasive species include outcompeting native species for resources, altering habitats and ecosystem processes, introducing diseases to native populations, and causing economic damage.
  • Some notable examples of invasive species include zebra mussels, Asian carp, and garlic mustard.

Genetic Diversity

  • Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species.
  • It is crucial for adaptability to changing environments and enhances resilience against diseases, contributes to ecosystem stability, and provides raw material for future adaptation.
  • Threats to genetic diversity include habitat fragmentation which reduces gene flow between populations, and monoculture practices in agriculture which greatly diminish genetic diversity within crops.

Object Oriented Programming

  • A way to map real-world situations into code.
  • Helps minimize code duplication and encourages reusability.
  • Leverages classes and objects to represent entities.

Classes and Objects

  • Objects are real-world entities like a mouse, keyboard, or pencil.
  • A class is a blueprint or template used to create objects.
  • Classes define the characteristics (attributes) and actions (methods) that objects of that class will possess.
  • Objects are instances of a class.
  • class Student: defines a class named Student.
  • student1 = Student() creates an object named student1 of the Student class.
  • Attributes are variables that store data about an object, like a student's name or marks.
  • Methods are functions associated with an object, defining its behavior.

Constructor

  • A special method (__init__) automatically called when an object is created.
  • Initializes the object's attributes and performs setup tasks.
  • Always takes the self parameter as its first argument, which refers to the object being created.
  • Example: def __init__(self, name, marks): defines a constructor for the Student class.
  • self.name = name and self.marks = marks initialize the name and marks attributes of the Student object.

Accessing Attributes and Methods

  • Use the dot operator (.) to access an object's attributes and methods.
  • Example: student1.name accesses the name attribute of the student1 object.
  • Example: student1.print_details() calls the print_details method on the student1 object.

Summary

  • Parameter names in the constructor and the attribute names they initialize can be the same, which may cause confusion.
  • Be careful to differentiate between parameter and attribute names.

Example

  • The provided code snippet defines a Student class with a constructor (__init__) and a print_details method.
  • It creates two Student objects (student1 and student2), initializes their attributes, and then calls the print_details method on each object, displaying the student's name and marks.

Classes and Objects (Summary)

  • Classes act like blueprints for objects.
  • Objects are instances of these blueprints, possessing data (attributes) and actions (methods).

Constructors (Summary)

  • Default constructors are created automatically and take only the self parameter.
  • Parameterized constructors take additional arguments besides self to initialize objects with specific values.

Attributes (Summary)

  • Attributes store data associated with an object.
  • Class attributes are shared by all objects of a class.
  • Instance attributes are unique to each object.
  • Instance attributes are defined using self.attribute_name, like self.name for a student's name.

Accessing Attributes (Summary)

  • Access class attributes using ClassName.attribute_name.
  • Access instance attributes using object_instance.attribute_name.

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