Biodiversity and Conservation Methods
58 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does species richness measure?

  • The distribution of individuals among various species
  • The total biomass of different species in an area
  • The number of different species in a community (correct)
  • The genetic diversity within a single species

    • Which sampling method involves taking samples when a source is encountered?

  • Systematic sampling
  • Random sampling
  • Opportunistic sampling (correct)
  • Stratified sampling

    • What does the heterozygosity index (H) measure?

  • The ecological interactions among species
  • The total number of individuals in a population
  • The abundance of a particular species
  • The genetic variation within a species (correct)

    • How is the index of diversity (D) calculated?

    <p>D = total organisms of each species / total organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of in situ conservation?

    <p>Wildlife reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining biodiversity ecologically important?

    <p>It helps stabilize ecosystems and their functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stratified sampling from other sampling methods?

    <p>It divides the population into smaller strata based on characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do marine conservation zones play in biodiversity conservation?

    <p>They protect marine species and their habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the survival of birds with specific beak shapes?

    <p>Birds born with beaks suited to their food source are more likely to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods helps establish a timeline for evolutionary changes?

    <p>Dating rocks to correlate with fossil remains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of variation involves characteristics that can take any value within a range?

    <p>Continuous variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of discontinuous variation?

    <p>Traits have distinct categories without intermediates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does comparative anatomy primarily investigate?

    <p>The similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of adaptation that organisms can have?

    <p>Molecular adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism described that results in the survival of better-adapted species?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic that increases an organism's chances of survival as described?

    <p>Adaptive traits for a specific environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of natural selection, what does a selection pressure refer to?

    <p>An environmental change that affects survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs over time when two populations become reproductively isolated?

    <p>New species are formed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Darwin's observations provided evidence for evolution?

    <p>Variety of phenotypes in species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain includes organisms that are typically single-celled and lack a nucleus?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frequency of alleles in a gene pool change over time?

    <p>As a result of natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of captive breeding programmes?

    <p>To increase genetic diversity and population size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do seed banks play in conservation?

    <p>They store seeds to conserve genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method used by zoos to conserve endangered species?

    <p>Scientific research and disease control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the binomial system of naming species involve?

    <p>Naming species with genus and species identifiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of reintroduction programmes?

    <p>Animals bred in captivity are released into the wild</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is international cooperation crucial for biodiversity conservation?

    <p>To ensure the preservation of global biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studying molecular phylogeny?

    <p>To determine evolutionary relatedness between organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about zoos and conservation methods is NOT true?

    <p>Zoos mainly focus on entertainment rather than education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a bird having a beak that is well suited to its available food source?

    <p>It has a higher chance of survival and passing on its traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes continuous variation in a population?

    <p>Characteristics ranging without any absolute limits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does molecular biology contribute to understanding evolutionary changes?

    <p>By examining similarities and differences in DNA sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of variation is represented by bar charts due to the absence of intermediates?

    <p>Discontinuous variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does comparative anatomy play in evolutionary biology?

    <p>It examines homologous structures to identify evolutionary relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of captive breeding programmes?

    <p>To increase genetic diversity and population size of endangered species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of using seed banks for conservation?

    <p>They can conserve a large variety of plant species in a compact form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is international cooperation essential in biodiversity conservation?

    <p>Species migration across borders necessitates joint strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'molecular phylogeny' refer to?

    <p>The analysis of molecular differences to assess evolutionary relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a specific aim of reintroduction programmes?

    <p>To restore habitats and release bred animals into their natural habitat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes conservation efforts by zoos?

    <p>Zoos utilize scientific research to enhance breeding success and disease control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key method used for classifying organisms?

    <p>Organizing organisms into groups based on physical traits and evolutionary relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of seed banks?

    <p>They only conserve seeds that are currently abundant in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by species evenness in the context of biodiversity?

    <p>The distribution of individuals among different species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is an example of ex situ conservation?

    <p>Seed banks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is species richness determined in a given area?

    <p>By counting the number of different species present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is used to calculate genetic diversity using the heterozygosity index (H)?

    <p>H = number of heterozygotes / number of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of using systematic sampling in biodiversity studies?

    <p>To avoid sampling bias by following a set pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Index of Diversity (D) important in measuring biodiversity?

    <p>It considers both species richness and evenness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method is characterized by taking samples at regular intervals?

    <p>Systematic sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does maintaining biodiversity contribute to beyond ecological reasons?

    <p>Higher economic value and aesthetic appeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three domains into which all organisms can be classified?

    <p>Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adaptation involves changes in physical structure or features?

    <p>Anatomical adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes natural selection?

    <p>It involves the survival and reproduction of the fittest individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that leads to evolution as a result of natural selection?

    <p>Environmental changes that create new selection pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frequency of alleles in a population change over time?

    <p>Due to the survival and reproduction of individuals with advantageous alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when two populations become reproductively isolated?

    <p>New species are formed due to accumulated genetic differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adaptation involves changes in behavior for survival?

    <p>Behavioral adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which key observation did Charles Darwin make that supports the theory of evolution?

    <p>Different species of finches have similar traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biodiversity

    • Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms on Earth, which has been increasing over time and is threatened by human activities: deforestation, agriculture, and climate change.
    • Species richness is the number of different species in a community and can be measured by methods like random sampling, systematic sampling using transects, opportunistic sampling, and stratified sampling.
    • Species evenness is a comparison of the abundance of different species.
    • Genetic diversity involves the number of alleles in a gene pool.
    • Heterozygosity index (H) is a way to measure genetic diversity, with a higher value indicating more genetic diversity.
    • Diversity index (D) is a measure of biodiversity using the total number of organisms and the number of organisms of each species.
    • Maintaining biodiversity is vital for ecological, economic, and aesthetic benefits, including protecting landscapes.

    Conservation Methods

    • In situ conservation involves protecting biodiversity within its natural habitat. Examples: Marine Conservation Zones and Wildlife Reserves.
    • Ex situ conservation takes place outside the natural habitat. Examples: Zoos, seed banks and botanic gardens.
    • Zoos prioritize conservation through scientific research, captive breeding programs, reintroduction programs, and educational outreach to raise awareness about biodiversity.
    • Seed banks store and preserve a wide variety of seeds to prevent plants from going extinct and maintain genetic diversity.

    International Cooperation

    • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) aims to regulate the international trade of endangered species to ensure their survival.
    • Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a multilateral treaty focusing on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
    • Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS) is an incentive program for farmers and landowners to manage their land in ways that benefit biodiversity and the natural environment.

    Classification

    • Classifying organisms helps us to organize and understand the vast diversity of life on Earth.
    • The five kingdoms of life are: animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protoctists.
    • Binomial system names species based on their genus and species.
    • Molecular phylogeny uses DNA sequences, RNA sequences, and protein structure for evolutionary analysis.
    • The three domains of life are: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.

    Evolution

    • A species' niche is its role within the environment.
    • Species that share the same niche compete for resources.
    • Natural selection is a key driving force of evolution, where organisms best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on favorable traits.
    • Adaptations can be anatomical, behavioral, or physiological, enabling organisms to survive successfully in their respective environments.
    • Evolution via natural selection involves the frequency of alleles in a gene pool changing over time due to the selection pressures.
    • Reproductive isolation can lead to the formation of new species as populations accumulate distinct genetic information due to different environments and selection pressures.

    Evidence of Evolution

    • Observations such as Darwin's observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands provide insights into evolutionary adaptations.
    • Fossils provide evidence of extinct organisms and show evolutionary changes over time.
    • Molecular biology provides evidence of evolution by comparing DNA sequences and protein structures.
    • Comparative anatomy compares the anatomy of different organisms, especially homologous structures for evolutionary relationships.

    Variation

    • Variation is the differences observed in the characteristics of organisms within populations.
    • Discontinuous variation has distinct categories with no intermediates and is often controlled by a single gene.
    • Continuous variation displays a range of values and is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

    Biodiversity

    • The variety of living organisms on Earth is known as biodiversity.
    • Biodiversity is measured in terms of species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.
    • Species richness is the number of different species in a community.
    • Species evenness compares the abundance of different species in a habitat.
    • Genetic diversity measures the genetic variation found within a particular species.
    • Heterozygosity index (H) can be used to determine genetic diversity. A higher H indicates greater genetic diversity.
    • The index of diversity (D) can be used to measure biodiversity.
    • Biodiversity is crucial for ecological, economic, and aesthetic reasons, including protecting landscapes.

    Conservation Methods

    • In situ conservation methods, such as marine conservation zones and wildlife reserves, protect wildlife within their natural habitats.
    • Ex situ conservation methods involve protecting species outside their natural habitats, such as in zoos, seed banks, and botanic gardens.
    • Zoos play a vital role in conserving endangered species and their genetic diversity through scientific research, captive breeding programs, reintroduction programs, and education programs.
    • Seed banks conserve genetic diversity by storing a large number of seeds in cool, dry conditions.

    Importance of International Cooperation

    • International agreements such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS) are essential for biodiversity conservation.

    Classification

    • Classification involves naming and organizing organisms into groups based on their characteristics.
    • The five kingdoms of life are animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists.
    • Organisms are further categorized into phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
    • The binomial system is used for naming species, with the first part indicating the genus and the second part indicating the species.

    Molecular Phylogeny

    • Molecular phylogeny analyzes molecular differences between organisms to determine their evolutionary relatedness.
    • Data from molecular phylogeny, examining DNA sequences, RNA sequences, and protein structure, has led to the establishment of three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.

    Evolution

    • Niche refers to a species' role within its environment.
    • Species occupying the same niche compete with each other for resources, and the better-adapted species tend to survive.
    • Natural selection is the process by which fitter individuals with advantageous adaptations survive and reproduce, passing their beneficial genes to future generations.
    • Evolution is the change in allele frequencies in a gene pool over time due to natural selection.

    Adaptations

    • Anatomical adaptations are physical features that enhance survival, such as the presence of loops of Henlé in desert mammals for conserving water.
    • Behavioral adaptations involve changes in behavior that improve survival, like mating calls.
    • Physiological adaptations are internal processes that increase survival chances, such as blood flow regulation in the skin.

    Evidence of Evolution

    • Observations: Darwin and other scientists observed variations in finch beaks on the Galapagos Islands, leading to the conclusion that those with beaks suited to available food survived better and passed the trait to offspring.
    • Fossils: Examining fossil remains of extinct organisms and comparing them to existing ones provides insights into evolutionary changes over time.
    • Molecular Biology: Analyzing DNA sequences, RNA sequences, and protein structures in different organisms reveals similarities and differences, offering evidence of evolutionary relationships.
    • Comparative Anatomy: Comparing anatomical structures like homologous structures (shared physical structures), helps determine evolutionary relationships.

    Variation

    • Variation refers to the natural differences in characteristics within a population.
    • Discontinuous variation occurs when characteristics fall into distinct categories with no intermediates. Examples include bacterial shapes.
    • Continuous variation involves characteristics that can take on any value within a range, such as animal height, and often follow a normal distribution curve.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    OCR A-level Biology 4.2 Biodiversity Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of biodiversity, including species richness, evenness, and genetic diversity. It also covers the methods of conservation and the significance of maintaining biodiversity for ecological and economic benefits. Test your knowledge on these crucial environmental topics.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser