Biocompatibility of Dental Biomaterials
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Questions and Answers

What is formed when a genotoxic material damages chromosomes during cell division?

  • Daughter cells
  • Chromosome fragments
  • Clastogenic changes
  • Micronucleus (correct)

    • Animal tests are considered less relevant than in vitro tests for studying biocompatibility.

    False

    What assay is recommended for testing all dental devices and materials?

    Hemolysis assay

    Hemocompatibility tests are performed to study the compatibility of materials with ______.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Micronucleus = A separate structure formed from damaged chromosomes Hemolysis = The release of hemoglobin from red blood cells Clastogenic changes = Structural changes due to chromosome breakage Aneugenic changes = Numerical changes resulting from chromosome loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of test allows the material to interact with biological systems within an animal's body?

    <p>Animal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hemolysis assay measures the number of red blood cells present in the blood sample.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animals are commonly used for biocompatibility testing?

    <p>Mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the local lymph node assay measure in response to allergens?

    <p>Increase in proliferating lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Buehler occluded patch test requires intradermal injection of the test material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animal is primarily used in the local lymph node assay?

    <p>mice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory effects of materials on mucous membranes can be assessed using the ________ test.

    <p>Chinese hamster cheek pouch irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of test with their primary purpose:

    <p>Buehler occluded patch test = Sensitization potential in guinea pigs Local lymph node assay = Evaluate lymphocyte proliferation Chinese hamster cheek pouch test = Assess mucous membrane irritation Implantation tests = Evaluate material compatibility with tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a criterion for selecting animal species in implantation tests?

    <p>Size of samples to be implanted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chemical is only considered a sensitizer if it causes a twofold increase in cell numbers in the lymph node assay.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of the local lymph node assay compared to guinea pig tests?

    <p>Fewer animals used and decreased pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dental pulp stem cells when there is a pulp assault?

    <p>They differentiate into secondary odontoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The only factor affecting inflammation in gingival tissues during usage tests is the test material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is performed to classify tissue responses into slight, moderate, or severe?

    <p>Mucosa and gingiva usage tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In endodontic usage tests, radiographic analysis and histologic appraisal are used to assess the _______ of the material.

    <p>biocompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tests with their descriptions:

    <p>Primary tests = First tests for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity Secondary tests = Carried out in experimental animals Usage tests = Involves direct contact with tissues In vitro tests = Conducted in a controlled environment outside a living organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of mucosa and gingiva usage tests?

    <p>There is a chance of inflammation due to several factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal models are used in endodontic usage tests to evaluate material compatibility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the most effective method for characterizing the biocompatibility of a new material?

    <p>A combination of primary, secondary, and usage tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one property of bacterial cellulose/chitosan composite that makes it suitable for use as a wound dressing?

    <p>It has antibacterial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) are non-biodegradable materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the synthetic polymers used in the manufacturing of hydrogels.

    <p>Polyethylene glycol (PEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degradation products of poly-lactic acid (PLA) and poly-glycolic acid (PGA) are _____ and _____ acids.

    <p>lactic, glycolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each polymer with its distinguishing feature:

    <p>PEG = High water absorption PGA = Biodegradable product is glycolic acid PLA = Biodegradable product is lactic acid PVA = Used for creating hydrogels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using synthetic polymers over natural polymers in hydrogel manufacturing?

    <p>More manageable physical and chemical properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial cellulose can be used as scaffolds for _____ repair.

    <p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synthetic hydrogels cannot include bioactive materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biopolymers is noted for having a wide range of biomedical applications?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bioglass is primarily an inorganic material used in orthodontics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant application of chitin and chitosan in healthcare?

    <p>Wound healing and drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of _______ ceramic for use as biomaterial in vivo was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance.

    <p>bioactive glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is specifically used for its biodegradable properties as a biomaterial?

    <p>Synthetic polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following materials with their primary application:

    <p>Chitosan = Wound healing Bioglass = Bone repair Hyaluronic acid = Joint lubrication Oxycellulose = Drug delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dentin hypersensitivity can be effectively managed with recent innovations in dental materials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering?

    <p>They can promote tissue regeneration and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Hiemstra et al.'s 2007 study?

    <p>In vitro and in vivo protein delivery systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Novel bioactive composite bone cements are based on the β-tricalcium phosphate-monocalcium phosphate monohydrate system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical evaluation standard is indicated by ISO 10993-5?

    <p>Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is considered a ________ biopolymer and sustainable raw material.

    <p>fascinating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following authors with their research focus:

    <p>Kang, E. = Microfluidic spinning of alginate fibers Khaled, M. = Application of composites Kirker, K.R. = Bio-interactive dressings for wound healing Klemm, D. = Sustainable raw materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What endpoint is used in the modified local lymph node assay by Idehara et al.?

    <p>ATP content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The research by Jones in 2015 reviews bioactive glass advancements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is explored by Jong et al. in terms of biological safety evaluation?

    <p>Biomaterials and medical devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biocompatibility of Dental Biomaterials

    • Biocompatibility is the ability of a biomaterial to not harm the host during its use.
    • It should elicit a beneficial/positive response from the host tissue.
    • Harmful responses from tissue reactions can lead to failure of the biomaterial or prosthesis and harm the host.
    • Biocompatibility assessment measures the degree of unfavorable changes in the host's homeostatic mechanisms.
    • The primary factor of biocompatibility is that the material does no harm, irrespective of its intended purpose.
    • For implantable devices, biocompatibility means achieving intended function without harmful effects.
    • For tissue engineering scaffolds, biocompatibility is enabling positive tissue responses to enhance therapy.

    Concepts of Biocompatibility Testing

    • Biological risks associated with dental materials have spurred safety assessment.
    • Multiple, sophisticated tests are needed to establish biocompatibility, as a single test won't suffice.
    • Standards like ISO 7405, ANSI/ADA Document No. 41, and ISO 10993 provide guidelines for biological testing on dental and medical devices.
    • Biocompatibility evaluation progresses from in vitro to animal studies, and finally to usage tests.

    In Vitro Tests

    • In vitro tests happen outside a living organism, where materials interact with cells or components of living systems.
    • Primary cells are derived from living organisms and cultivated in an artificial environment.
    • Continuous cell lines are transformed primary cells with unlimited growth potential.
    • In vitro tests are faster, cheaper, and more reproducible than in vivo tests, but relevance to clinical situations can be questionable.

    Cytotoxicity Tests

    • ISO 10993-5 provides guidelines for cytotoxicity testing.
    • Cytotoxicity is measured by incubating material samples with cultured cells.
    • Direct contact tests involve placing the sample directly on the cells. Indirect tests use barriers between the sample and cells.
    • Toxicity is assessed by microscopic examination of cellular changes (vacuolization, detachment, lysis).
    • Quantitative assessment involves measuring cell viability, cell proliferation, cell metabolism, etc. (MTT assay - a colorimetric method).

    Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Tests

    • Genotoxicity and mutagenicity describe a material's damaging effects on a cell's genetic material (DNA).
    • A mutagenic material causes permanent changes in genetic components (DNA mutations).
    • A genotoxic material causes genome damage but doesn't always result in mutations.
    • The Ames test assesses mutagenic effects of a material using salmonella strains.
    • The micronucleus test detects chromosomal damage in the cells, identifying structural and numerical changes.

    Hematocompatibility Testing

    • Hematocompatibility testing determines a material's compatibility with blood and blood components.
    • Hemolysis occurs when chemicals or leachables from a device interact with red blood cells, releasing hemoglobin.
    • The hemolysis assay evaluates hemocompatibility by incubating testing materials with whole blood, and measuring released hemoglobin.

    Animal Tests

    • Animal tests, using mammals like mice, rats, rabbits, or guinea pigs, assess material interactions with biological systems.
    • In animal tests, materials interact with the body, assessing factors such as blood interaction, infection, wound healing, and hypersensitivity, among other host responses.
    • Results from animal tests aren't always directly applicable to humans because responses can vary.

    Usage Tests

    • Usage tests mimic clinical situations by placing materials in specified locations for predefined duration.
    • Different outcomes such as localized or systemic effects in host/patient are assessed during clinical implementation of the material.
    • Usage tests assess how materials respond in realistic clinical use cases.
    • Dental pulp irritation tests assess material effects on the dental pulp.
    • Mucous membrane irritation tests examine material effects on mucous membranes.
    • Endodontic tests examine materials' effects on periapical tissues.

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    Biocompatbility of Dental Materials PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the essential concept of biocompatibility in dental biomaterials. It tackles the criteria for biocompatibility testing, the potential harmful responses of materials, and the importance of ensuring safety during their application. Understanding these principles is crucial for successful dental prosthetics and tissue engineering.

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