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Questions and Answers
Which scientist is known for developing the first effective immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplants?
What significant advancement includes the ability to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence?
Which medical imaging technique was discovered by Raymond Vahan Damadian?
What was the main purpose of the drug lovastatin (Mevacor) approved in 1987?
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What type of antidepressant is fluoxetine, which was launched by Eli Lilly in 1986?
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Who presented the first computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan machine?
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Which technique was developed by Sir Alec John Jeffreys in 1985 and is now used in forensic departments worldwide?
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Which of the following uses of cyclosporine is NOT mentioned in the provided content?
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What significant scientific achievement is attributed to Dr. Kenneth Matsumura?
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Which potential solution is suggested for preventing genetic conditions in the future?
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What is one of the challenges faced by modern medicine today?
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What role do robotics play in surgical procedures today?
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Who is known for performing the first partial face transplant?
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Who invented the first human liver transplant?
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Which medical innovation is Jonas Salk credited with?
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What treatment did Black develop for heart disease?
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Who was responsible for the discovery of diazepam?
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Which invention records the electrical activity of the heart over time?
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In which year was the first human kidney transplant performed?
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What procedure did John Heysham Gibbon invent?
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What condition, known as 'phossy jaw,' is associated with working with phosphorous?
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Which of the following treatments was developed for stomach ulcers?
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Who was the first doctor to administer inhaled ether anesthesia for surgery?
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Which figure is associated with the establishment of nursing schools in London?
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Who performed the first ever open-heart surgery?
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Which medical technique did Inge Edler invent?
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What concept describes that bacteria are responsible for spoiling wine, beer, and milk?
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Which medical professional performed the first successful blood transfusion?
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Which surgeon was involved in the first human lung transplant?
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Which disease was commonly spread by travelers during the 19th century?
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What substance did Humphry Davy identify as having anesthetic properties?
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In what year did Florence Nightingale establish a training school for nurses?
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What type of work did Florence Nightingale do during the Crimean War?
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Who developed a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness?
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Which scientist discovered insulin?
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What was the first effective treatment for syphilis developed?
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What disease was NOT treated with the first vaccines discovered between 1923 and 1927?
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Which of the following was discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen?
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Which company produced the first Aspirin?
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What year did Paul Ehrlich receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?
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Which scientist demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus?
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Which sheep were likely to survive according to the vaccination demonstration?
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What condition did the unvaccinated sheep in the demonstration likely suffer from?
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Which drug, developed through the pioneering work of George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion, became a significant treatment for HIV?
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Which vaccine, developed by John Enders and colleagues, was integral in controlling a viral illness in children?
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What significant medical procedure was carried out successfully for the first time by Bruce Reitz?
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Which drug, known for its use in treating anxiety, was developed alongside the contributions of various researchers in the 1970s?
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Who co-developed the rubella vaccine alongside John Enders?
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Who is credited with the theory of humors that influenced Western medicine until the 19th century?
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Which bodily fluid is NOT one of the four humors identified in ancient Greek medicine?
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What is the significance of the Hippocratic Corpus in the context of ancient medicine?
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Which ancient figure is recognized as the 'father of modern medicine'?
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Which philosophical statement emphasizes the importance of learning from history?
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Study Notes
Key Medical Innovations and Figures
- Christiaan Barnard (1967): First to perform human-to-human heart transplant.
- Sir Alec John Jeffreys (1985): Developed DNA fingerprinting and profiling techniques, crucial for forensic and paternity cases.
- Cyclosporine (Doctors, 1970): The first effective immunosuppressive drug, vital for organ transplants and treating autoimmune conditions.
- Raymond Vahan Damadian (1971): Pioneered the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medical diagnostics.
- Sir Godfrey Hounsfield (1971): Invented the computed tomography (CT or CAT scan), significantly impacting medical imaging.
- Lous Pasteur (1822-1895): Established germ theory, proved that bacteria sour perishable items; developed pasteurization methods.
- Florence Nightingale (1820-1920): Founded the first nursing school, emphasizing sanitation and statistical analysis in healthcare.
- James Blundell (1818): Performed the first successful blood transfusion.
- Crawford Long (1842): First to use inhaled ether anesthesia during surgery, contributing to surgical practices.
- Paul Ehrlich (1907): Developed arsenic-based chemotherapeutics for syphilis; creator of the first effective treatment for sleeping sickness.
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1895): Discovered X-rays, revolutionizing diagnostic imaging.
Pharmaceutical Milestones
- Bayer AG (1897): Produced the first Aspirin, changing pain management.
- Prozac (Eli Lilly, 1986): Introduced fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for major depressive disorders.
- Beta-blockers (Black, 1962): Developed propranolol for heart disease, pioneering treatment in cardiology.
- Diazepam (Joseph Murray, 1954): Developed as a treatment for anxiety and muscle spasms.
Surgical Advances
- Dr. John Heysham Gibbon (1953): Invented the heart-lung machine; performed the first open-heart surgery.
- Thomas Starzl (1963): Conducted the first human liver transplant; expanded organ transplant techniques.
- Inge Edler (1953): Brought echocardiography (ultrasonography) into routine cardiac assessment.
- Jean-Michel Dubernard (2005): Executed the first partial face transplant, paving the way for future reconstructive surgeries.
Modern Challenges and Therapies
- Targeted cancer therapy: Emerging biologics offer new treatment avenues for cancer that focus on specific cellular mechanisms.
- Antibiotic resistance: Increased due to overuse; pathogens evolve, posing a significant healthcare challenge.
- Gene Therapy: CRISPR technology's potential to prevent genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia is a hopeful future direction in medicine.
- Robotics in surgery: Development of surgical robots enhancing precision and reducing human error during procedures.
Historical Context
- Political Changes (19th Century): Democracy fostered demands for health as a human right, leading to reforms in public health and access to healthcare.
- Travel and Disease: Increased global travel contributed to the spread of diseases like yellow fever, highlighting the importance of public health awareness.
Key Figures in Modern Medicine
- George Hitchings & Gertrude Elion: Developed important medications including chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and azidothymidine (AZT) for HIV.
- John Enders: Co-developed the first measles vaccine and worked on the rubella vaccine.
- Harry Martin Meyer: Co-developed the rubella vaccine and worked on the hepatitis B diagnostic test.
- C. Walton Lillehei: First successful human pancreas transplant and pioneered open-heart surgery advancements.
- Bruce Reitz: Performed the first human heart-lung combined transplant.
Historical Significance of Medicine
- Learning the history of medicine enables understanding its development and ongoing relevance.
- Aristotle emphasized observing beginnings and developments for deeper comprehension.
- R.G. Collingwood pointed out that history reflects human actions and achievements.
Ancient Greek Medicine
- Theory of Humors: Influential until the 19th century, proposed by Galen, consisting of four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
- Hippocrates of Kos: Considered the "father of modern medicine," associated with the Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of early medical texts.
Milestones in the 19th Century Medicine
- Louis Pasteur: Established germ theory and demonstrated the role of bacteria in spoilage.
- Florence Nightingale: Innovated nursing practices and founded the first nursing school.
- Rene Laennec: Invented the stethoscope, critical for diagnosing chest infections.
- James Blundell: First successful blood transfusion.
- Crawford Long: First to use inhaled ether anesthesia.
- Paul Ehrlich: Developed arsenic compounds for syphilis treatment.
Innovations and Discoveries
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Discovered X-rays, revolutionizing diagnostic imaging.
- Bayer AG: Introduced Aspirin, a significant pain reliever.
- 1920s Vaccinations: Development of vaccines for diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, and tetanus.
Evolution of Preventive Medicine
- Statins: Can lower LDL cholesterol by up to 60%, significantly reducing heart disease and stroke risk.
- HIV Treatment Advances: Regular medication can lower viral load to nearly zero, preventing virus transmission.
- Stem Cell Therapy: Ongoing research aims to create human tissues and organs, enhancing treatments for various conditions.
Recent Milestones
- Human Genome Project (2000): Completed draft providing a collaborative global effort to map human DNA.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore the contributions of notable figures like American biochemists who advanced the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and South African cardiac surgeons such as Christiaan Barnard, who performed the first human-to-human heart transplant. This quiz examines their crucial roles in medical advancements and techniques.
