PersMed: Medicine in the Modern World
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Questions and Answers

Which scientist is known for developing the first effective immunosuppressive drug used in organ transplants?

  • Doctors (1970) (correct)
  • Christiaan Barnard
  • Raymond Vahan Damadian
  • Sir Alec John Jeffreys
  • What significant advancement includes the ability to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence?

  • DNA fingerprinting techniques
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (correct)
  • Fluoxetine development
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Which medical imaging technique was discovered by Raymond Vahan Damadian?

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (correct)
  • Positron emission tomography (PET)
  • X-ray imaging
  • Computed tomography (CT)
  • What was the main purpose of the drug lovastatin (Mevacor) approved in 1987?

    <p>To lower cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antidepressant is fluoxetine, which was launched by Eli Lilly in 1986?

    <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who presented the first computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan machine?

    <p>Sir Godfrey Hounsfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique was developed by Sir Alec John Jeffreys in 1985 and is now used in forensic departments worldwide?

    <p>DNA fingerprinting and profiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses of cyclosporine is NOT mentioned in the provided content?

    <p>Enhancing MRI imaging techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant scientific achievement is attributed to Dr. Kenneth Matsumura?

    <p>Creation of a bio-artificial liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential solution is suggested for preventing genetic conditions in the future?

    <p>CRISPR gene editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges faced by modern medicine today?

    <p>Increased occurrence of antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do robotics play in surgical procedures today?

    <p>They enhance precision and reduce human error.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for performing the first partial face transplant?

    <p>Jean-Michel Dubernard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the first human liver transplant?

    <p>Thomas Starzl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical innovation is Jonas Salk credited with?

    <p>The first polio vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment did Black develop for heart disease?

    <p>Propranolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was responsible for the discovery of diazepam?

    <p>Leo H. Sternbach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which invention records the electrical activity of the heart over time?

    <p>Electrocardiograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the first human kidney transplant performed?

    <p>1954</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What procedure did John Heysham Gibbon invent?

    <p>Heart-lung machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition, known as 'phossy jaw,' is associated with working with phosphorous?

    <p>Jaw necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments was developed for stomach ulcers?

    <p>Cimetidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first doctor to administer inhaled ether anesthesia for surgery?

    <p>Crawford Long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure is associated with the establishment of nursing schools in London?

    <p>Florence Nightingale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who performed the first ever open-heart surgery?

    <p>John Heysham Gibbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical technique did Inge Edler invent?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes that bacteria are responsible for spoiling wine, beer, and milk?

    <p>Germ Theory of Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical professional performed the first successful blood transfusion?

    <p>James Blundell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgeon was involved in the first human lung transplant?

    <p>James Hardy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease was commonly spread by travelers during the 19th century?

    <p>Yellow fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance did Humphry Davy identify as having anesthetic properties?

    <p>Nitrous oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Florence Nightingale establish a training school for nurses?

    <p>1860</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work did Florence Nightingale do during the Crimean War?

    <p>Pioneering nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness?

    <p>Emil von Behring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist discovered insulin?

    <p>Charles Herbert Best</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first effective treatment for syphilis developed?

    <p>Salvarsan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease was NOT treated with the first vaccines discovered between 1923 and 1927?

    <p>Scarlet Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company produced the first Aspirin?

    <p>Bayer AG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did Paul Ehrlich receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine?

    <p>1907</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus?

    <p>Emil von Behring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sheep were likely to survive according to the vaccination demonstration?

    <p>Vaccinated sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition did the unvaccinated sheep in the demonstration likely suffer from?

    <p>Vitamin deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug, developed through the pioneering work of George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion, became a significant treatment for HIV?

    <p>Azidothymidine (AZT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine, developed by John Enders and colleagues, was integral in controlling a viral illness in children?

    <p>Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant medical procedure was carried out successfully for the first time by Bruce Reitz?

    <p>Heart-lung combined transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug, known for its use in treating anxiety, was developed alongside the contributions of various researchers in the 1970s?

    <p>Chlordiazepoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who co-developed the rubella vaccine alongside John Enders?

    <p>Harry Martin Meyer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the theory of humors that influenced Western medicine until the 19th century?

    <p>Galen of Pergamon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bodily fluid is NOT one of the four humors identified in ancient Greek medicine?

    <p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Hippocratic Corpus in the context of ancient medicine?

    <p>It consists of works from Hippocrates and his students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient figure is recognized as the 'father of modern medicine'?

    <p>Hippocrates of Kos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical statement emphasizes the importance of learning from history?

    <p>Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Medical Innovations and Figures

    • Christiaan Barnard (1967): First to perform human-to-human heart transplant.
    • Sir Alec John Jeffreys (1985): Developed DNA fingerprinting and profiling techniques, crucial for forensic and paternity cases.
    • Cyclosporine (Doctors, 1970): The first effective immunosuppressive drug, vital for organ transplants and treating autoimmune conditions.
    • Raymond Vahan Damadian (1971): Pioneered the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medical diagnostics.
    • Sir Godfrey Hounsfield (1971): Invented the computed tomography (CT or CAT scan), significantly impacting medical imaging.
    • Lous Pasteur (1822-1895): Established germ theory, proved that bacteria sour perishable items; developed pasteurization methods.
    • Florence Nightingale (1820-1920): Founded the first nursing school, emphasizing sanitation and statistical analysis in healthcare.
    • James Blundell (1818): Performed the first successful blood transfusion.
    • Crawford Long (1842): First to use inhaled ether anesthesia during surgery, contributing to surgical practices.
    • Paul Ehrlich (1907): Developed arsenic-based chemotherapeutics for syphilis; creator of the first effective treatment for sleeping sickness.
    • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1895): Discovered X-rays, revolutionizing diagnostic imaging.

    Pharmaceutical Milestones

    • Bayer AG (1897): Produced the first Aspirin, changing pain management.
    • Prozac (Eli Lilly, 1986): Introduced fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for major depressive disorders.
    • Beta-blockers (Black, 1962): Developed propranolol for heart disease, pioneering treatment in cardiology.
    • Diazepam (Joseph Murray, 1954): Developed as a treatment for anxiety and muscle spasms.

    Surgical Advances

    • Dr. John Heysham Gibbon (1953): Invented the heart-lung machine; performed the first open-heart surgery.
    • Thomas Starzl (1963): Conducted the first human liver transplant; expanded organ transplant techniques.
    • Inge Edler (1953): Brought echocardiography (ultrasonography) into routine cardiac assessment.
    • Jean-Michel Dubernard (2005): Executed the first partial face transplant, paving the way for future reconstructive surgeries.

    Modern Challenges and Therapies

    • Targeted cancer therapy: Emerging biologics offer new treatment avenues for cancer that focus on specific cellular mechanisms.
    • Antibiotic resistance: Increased due to overuse; pathogens evolve, posing a significant healthcare challenge.
    • Gene Therapy: CRISPR technology's potential to prevent genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia is a hopeful future direction in medicine.
    • Robotics in surgery: Development of surgical robots enhancing precision and reducing human error during procedures.

    Historical Context

    • Political Changes (19th Century): Democracy fostered demands for health as a human right, leading to reforms in public health and access to healthcare.
    • Travel and Disease: Increased global travel contributed to the spread of diseases like yellow fever, highlighting the importance of public health awareness.

    Key Figures in Modern Medicine

    • George Hitchings & Gertrude Elion: Developed important medications including chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and azidothymidine (AZT) for HIV.
    • John Enders: Co-developed the first measles vaccine and worked on the rubella vaccine.
    • Harry Martin Meyer: Co-developed the rubella vaccine and worked on the hepatitis B diagnostic test.
    • C. Walton Lillehei: First successful human pancreas transplant and pioneered open-heart surgery advancements.
    • Bruce Reitz: Performed the first human heart-lung combined transplant.

    Historical Significance of Medicine

    • Learning the history of medicine enables understanding its development and ongoing relevance.
    • Aristotle emphasized observing beginnings and developments for deeper comprehension.
    • R.G. Collingwood pointed out that history reflects human actions and achievements.

    Ancient Greek Medicine

    • Theory of Humors: Influential until the 19th century, proposed by Galen, consisting of four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
    • Hippocrates of Kos: Considered the "father of modern medicine," associated with the Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of early medical texts.

    Milestones in the 19th Century Medicine

    • Louis Pasteur: Established germ theory and demonstrated the role of bacteria in spoilage.
    • Florence Nightingale: Innovated nursing practices and founded the first nursing school.
    • Rene Laennec: Invented the stethoscope, critical for diagnosing chest infections.
    • James Blundell: First successful blood transfusion.
    • Crawford Long: First to use inhaled ether anesthesia.
    • Paul Ehrlich: Developed arsenic compounds for syphilis treatment.

    Innovations and Discoveries

    • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Discovered X-rays, revolutionizing diagnostic imaging.
    • Bayer AG: Introduced Aspirin, a significant pain reliever.
    • 1920s Vaccinations: Development of vaccines for diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, and tetanus.

    Evolution of Preventive Medicine

    • Statins: Can lower LDL cholesterol by up to 60%, significantly reducing heart disease and stroke risk.
    • HIV Treatment Advances: Regular medication can lower viral load to nearly zero, preventing virus transmission.
    • Stem Cell Therapy: Ongoing research aims to create human tissues and organs, enhancing treatments for various conditions.

    Recent Milestones

    • Human Genome Project (2000): Completed draft providing a collaborative global effort to map human DNA.

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    Description

    Explore the contributions of notable figures like American biochemists who advanced the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and South African cardiac surgeons such as Christiaan Barnard, who performed the first human-to-human heart transplant. This quiz examines their crucial roles in medical advancements and techniques.

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