Biochemistry Quiz on Uric Acid and Phenylketonuria
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic shape of uric acid crystals?

  • Rhombic (diamond) and lemon-shaped (correct)
  • Triangular
  • Cubic
  • Spherical

    • Phenylketonuria is caused by a deficiency in the gene that codes for phenylalanine hydroxylase.

    True

    What is the primary screening test used for phenylketonuria?

    Guthrie bacterial inhibition test

    The crystals of calcium oxalate dihydrate are described as __________.

    <p>envelope-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the substance with its description:

    <p>Uric Acid = Product of purine metabolism Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate = Has a dumbbell appearance Phenylalanine = Counteracts beta-2-thienylalanine Sulfate = Noted for its pathologic significance in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color represents Infectious Dry Waste?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recommended concentration of chlorine for sanitation is 600-800 ppm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of biosafety?

    <p>To protect workers, the community, and the environment from accidental exposure or unintentional release of infectious agents and toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An appropriate disinfectant solution is household _____ .

    <p>bleach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which waste type is represented by the color Orange?

    <p>Radioactive Waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following exposure routes with their descriptions:

    <p>Airborne = From splashes and aerosols during procedures Cryogenic = Involving liquid nitrogen Poisonous = Involving toxic substances like strychnine Radioactive = Involving radioactive materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bleach solution should be prepared and used within 24 hours of mixing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper way to label a disinfectant solution?

    <p>It should include the name of the solution, the date and time prepared, the expiration date and time (24 hours), and the initials of the preparer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

    <p>Coli bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatty casts are often associated with chronic renal failure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appearance is associated with granular casts?

    <p>Sandpaper appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The appearance of broad casts indicates __________.

    <p>widening of tubular walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cast with its description:

    <p>Waxy cast = Ground glass appearance Amorphous phosphates = Feather-like appearance when disintegrated Fats cast = Brittle and highly refractile Granular cast = Finely granular with a sandpaper appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cast can be formed from diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Fatty cast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystaluria is the excretion of stones in the urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common cause of turbidity in urine?

    <p>Amorphous phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium carbonate crystals form effervescence after adding __________.

    <p>acetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cast indicates chronic renal failure?

    <p>Waxy cast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stool appearance is indicative of upper gastrointestinal bleeding?

    <p>Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of 3 or more neutrophils per low-power field (LPF) in stool indicates an invasive condition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of human feces is composed of water?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Bristol Stool Chart, Type 4 stool resembles a __________.

    <p>snake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stool appearance with its condition:

    <p>Black = Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Red = Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Pale yellow = Bile duct obstruction Rice water = Cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sperm morphology is true?

    <p>Greater than 30% normal forms is considered normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal viscosity range for synovial fluid in centimeters?

    <p>4-6 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of frothy stool is a sign of pancreatic disorders.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal volume of amniotic fluid during the 3rd trimester?

    <p>800 - 1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of meconium in amniotic fluid is indicated by a yellow color.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid testing?

    <p>To assess fetal lung maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is a birth defect where there is incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes of the spinal cord.

    <p>Spina bifida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated tests:

    <p>Cystic Fibrosis = Sweat Test Neural Tube Defects = Alpha-feto Protein Test Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn = Liley Graph Bacterial Meningitis = CSF Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increased presence of Charcot-Leyden crystals in sputum indicate?

    <p>Bronchial asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) appearance is always crystal clear in healthy individuals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major protein found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The test for fetal lung maturity is commonly done using the L/S ratio of ___ to ___.

    <p>lecithin to sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct normal WBC count in adults as observed in CSF analysis?

    <p>0-5 WBCs/uL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A traumatic tap can result in uneven blood distribution among CSF collection tubes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What simple procedure is used to collect cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Lumbar puncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased sodium and chloride levels in sweat are diagnostic for ___ disease.

    <p>Cystic Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fluid with its normal pH range:

    <p>Seminal Fluid = 7.2 - 8.0 Cerebrospinal Fluid = 15-45 mg/dL Amniotic Fluid = Colorless to pale yellow Sweat = &gt;70 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Waste Classification

    • Green: Non-Infectious Wet Waste
    • Black: Infectious Dry Waste
    • Orange: Radioactive Waste

    Biosafety Overview

    • Designed to protect workers, communities, and the environment from exposure or release of infectious agents and toxins.
    • Utilizes specific practices, training, safety equipment, and specially designed buildings.

    Disinfection Guidelines

    • Recommended disinfectant: Household bleach.
    • Preparation: Mix 10 mL of bleach with 90 mL of water for a concentration of 55 ppm for sanitation; use 600-800 ppm for disinfection.
    • Solution is to be made fresh daily and properly labeled with name, preparation date, expiration (24 hours), and preparer’s initials.

    Biohazard Exposure Routes

    • Airborne: Exposure occurs from splashes and aerosols, particularly with airborne diseases.
    • Safety Practices: Use of PPE, including masks, along with safety shields and guards is crucial.

    Types of Casts in Urine Analysis

    • Bacterial Casts: Indicative of contamination; may result from older specimens.
    • Granular Casts: Finely granular, indicating degeneration, linked to glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome.
    • Fatty Casts: Associated with diabetes mellitus; represent the final form of various casts.
    • Waxy Casts: Glass-like appearance, associated with chronic renal failure.
    • Broad Casts: Indicative of renal failure; show widening of tubular walls.

    Urinary Crystals

    • Crystaluria: Excretion of urine crystals, formed by the precipitation of solutes; significant factors include pH and temperature.
    • Calcium Carbonate Crystals: Form effervescence upon adding acetic acid.
    • Phenylketonuria: A well-known aminoaciduria linked to a defective gene causing abnormal phenylalanine metabolism.
      • Symptoms: Mousy odor in urine, sweat, and breath.
      • Screening Tests: Guthrie bacterial inhibition test using B. subtilis and beta-2-thienylalanine.
      • Confirmatory Test: Ion exchange HPLC.

    Notable Crystals in Urine Analysis

    • Uric Acid Crystals: Pathologic conditions like Lesch-Nyhan syndrome lead to unique shapes (rhombic or diamond-shaped).
    • Calcium Oxalate Crystals: Can present as monohydrate (oval/dumbbell shaped) or dihydrate (envelope-shaped).### Renal Glucosuria
    • Normal blood glucose with increased urine glucose indicates defective tubular reabsorption of glucose.
    • Primary finding is glucosuria, leading to increased glucose in urine.

    Amniotic Fluid

    • Present in the amnion, which surrounds the fetus; generated by the placenta.
    • Functions include cushioning the fetus, stabilizing temperature, allowing movement, and facilitating lung development.
    • Normal amniotic fluid volume in the third trimester: 800 - 1200 mL, primarily from fetal urine.
    • Amniocentesis collects up to 30 mL for genetic defect assessment and fetal lung maturity evaluation.

    Tests for Neural Tube Defects

    • Spina Bifida: Incomplete closure of the backbone and spinal cord membranes.
    • Anencephaly: Absence of major parts of brain and skull during embryonic development.
    • Alpha-feto protein increases in neural tube defects and decreases in Down syndrome.

    Fetal Lung Maturity Testing

    • Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio is the reference method, assessing surfactant for alveolar stability.
    • Increased opacity at 450 nm in amniotic fluid is seen in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
    • Test results are plotted on Liley graph to indicate fetal health zones.

    Specimen Collection and Handling

    • Sputum specimens are collected primarily from upper and lower respiratory tracts.
    • Specimen for amniotic fluid is collected via amniocentesis, protected from light for certain tests.
    • Main specimen for neurodiagnostic tests includes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected via lumbar puncture.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis

    • CSF functions: nutrient supply, waste removal, and mechanical protection for the brain.
    • Normal WBC count for adults: 0-5 WBCs/uL; neonates: 0-30 WBCs/uL.
    • Typical CSF appearance: crystal clear (normal); turbid indicates increased WBCs; xanthochromic suggests hemorrhage.

    Seminal Fluid Analysis

    • Seminal fluid is composed of spermatozoa, seminal fluid, prostatic fluid, and bulboourethral fluid.
    • Sperm concentration of >20 million sperms/mL is normal.
    • Specimen collection involves abstinence of 2-7 days, and entire ejaculate is collected for analysis.

    Stool Analysis (Fecalysis)

    • Normal feces consist of 75% water and 25% solids, with an odor due to indole and skatole.
    • Macroscopic appearances vary: black for upper GI bleeding, red for lower GI bleeding, pale yellow for bile duct obstruction.
    • Microscopic examination detects steatorrhea (fat) and creatorrhea (muscle fibers), and fecal leukocytes indicate invasive infections.

    Sputum Indicators

    • Sialic acid contributes to sputum viscosity, typically collected from tracheobronchial secretions.
    • Presence of Charcot-Leyden crystals indicates bronchial asthma and acute respiratory conditions.

    Miscellaneous

    • Specimen color in various bodily fluids can indicate conditions such as trauma, infection, or the presence of old blood.
    • Mucin Clot Test evaluates synovial fluid for joint conditions, indicating the presence of hyaluronic acid.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key biochemistry topics including the characteristic shapes of uric acid crystals and calcium oxalate dihydrate. Additionally, evaluate your understanding of phenylketonuria screening tests and waste classification. This quiz covers essential concepts relevant to biochemistry and metabolic disorders.

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