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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of NADPH in the pentose phosphate pathway?
What is the primary function of NADPH in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which compound is specifically synthesized for nucleotide biosynthesis in the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which compound is specifically synthesized for nucleotide biosynthesis in the pentose phosphate pathway?
How does the cell differentiate between anabolic and catabolic pathways?
How does the cell differentiate between anabolic and catabolic pathways?
What type of receptors does nicotine bind to?
What type of receptors does nicotine bind to?
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In which process is most of the NADH produced during glycolysis converted back to NAD+?
In which process is most of the NADH produced during glycolysis converted back to NAD+?
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What is produced during the reactions involving NAD+?
What is produced during the reactions involving NAD+?
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What role do chemical bonds play in the context of electron transport in cells?
What role do chemical bonds play in the context of electron transport in cells?
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Which of the following accurately describes NADP?
Which of the following accurately describes NADP?
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Which tissue primarily uses NADPH for fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis?
Which tissue primarily uses NADPH for fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis?
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What is the primary role of NADPH in erythrocytes?
What is the primary role of NADPH in erythrocytes?
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In which cells is the highest level of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase found?
In which cells is the highest level of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase found?
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How does the pentose phosphate pathway contribute to the immune response?
How does the pentose phosphate pathway contribute to the immune response?
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What metabolic characteristic is associated with cancer cells during low oxygen respiration?
What metabolic characteristic is associated with cancer cells during low oxygen respiration?
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Which process requires NADPH as the electron source for converting ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides?
Which process requires NADPH as the electron source for converting ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides?
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Which type of cells primarily use the pentose phosphate pathway to mitigate oxidative stress?
Which type of cells primarily use the pentose phosphate pathway to mitigate oxidative stress?
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What is the main product of the pentose phosphate pathway that is important for biosynthetic reactions?
What is the main product of the pentose phosphate pathway that is important for biosynthetic reactions?
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What does NADH function as in cellular respiration?
What does NADH function as in cellular respiration?
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At which wavelength can the absorbance of NADH be monitored?
At which wavelength can the absorbance of NADH be monitored?
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Which pathway is primarily associated with nucleotide biosynthesis?
Which pathway is primarily associated with nucleotide biosynthesis?
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Which enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone?
Which enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone?
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What type of reactions do the enzymes transketolase and transaldolase primarily catalyze?
What type of reactions do the enzymes transketolase and transaldolase primarily catalyze?
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Which of the following is NOT a compound involved in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which of the following is NOT a compound involved in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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Which product is generated from ribulose-5-phosphate in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Which product is generated from ribulose-5-phosphate in the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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In the context of catabolic pathways, which process does NOT include NAD+/NADH?
In the context of catabolic pathways, which process does NOT include NAD+/NADH?
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Study Notes
Pentose Phosphate Pathway Overview
- Anabolic pathway generating NADPH for biosynthesis, including aromatic amino acids and nucleotides.
- Produces erythrose-4-phosphate for aromatic amino acid synthesis and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.
Role of NADPH
- NADPH serves as a reducing agent in anabolic reactions, distinguishing it from NADH used in catabolic pathways.
- The separation of NADH and NADPH pools prevents competition for nucleotide resources.
Cofactors in Cellular Metabolism
- NAD+, NADH, NADP, and NADPH are key cofactors that transfer energy via electrons.
- NADH is primarily recycled back to NAD+ in the electron transport chain to generate ATP.
- NADP is specifically utilized in pathways requiring NADPH for anabolic reactions.
Nicotine and Acetylcholine Receptors
- Nicotine is addictive and interacts with acetylcholine receptors.
- Dehydrogenase enzymes involving NAD+ remove electrons and protons, generating NADH, which carries energy throughout the cell.
Phases of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Oxidative Phase
- Initiated with glucose-6-phosphate and includes key enzymes like gluconolactonase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.
- Products include ribulose-5-phosphate, essential for nucleotide synthesis.
Non-Oxidative Phase
- Involves isomerization and interconversion of sugar phosphates by enzymes like transketolase and transaldolase.
- Generates ribose-5-phosphate, erythrose-4-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate for various biosynthetic needs.
Tissues and Cells Utilizing the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- High PPP enzyme expression in liver, adipose tissue, adrenal cortex, testis, and lactating mammary glands for fatty acid and steroid synthesis.
- Erythrocytes produce NADPH for glutathione reduction, protecting proteins from oxidative damage.
- Rapidly proliferating cells require NADPH for converting ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides via ribonucleotide reductase.
- Neutrophils and macrophages possess high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity; utilize NADPH to create superoxide radicals for microbial defense.
Cancer and the Warburg Effect
- Cancer cells demonstrate the Warburg effect, favoring low oxygen respiration and increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, leading to fermentation products.
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Description
Explore the Pentose Phosphate Pathway's role in generating NADPH for anabolic reactions, including nucleotide and aromatic amino acid synthesis. This quiz also covers the functions of NADPH, key cofactors in metabolism, and the interaction of nicotine with acetylcholine receptors.
