Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most abundant molecule in the human body?
What is the most abundant molecule in the human body?
- Glucose (C6H12O6)
- Oxygen (O2)
- Water (H2O) (correct)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
What is the term for the materials we start with in a chemical reaction?
What is the term for the materials we start with in a chemical reaction?
- Reactants (correct)
- Products
- Equilibrium
- Enzymes
What type of energy is typically required for chemical reactions to occur?
What type of energy is typically required for chemical reactions to occur?
- Solar energy
- Activation energy (correct)
- Nuclear energy
- Kinetic energy
What is the state of balance that chemical reactions tend to reach?
What is the state of balance that chemical reactions tend to reach?
In what type of environment do most chemical reactions occur within the human body?
In what type of environment do most chemical reactions occur within the human body?
What are the molecules that are produced during a chemical reaction called?
What are the molecules that are produced during a chemical reaction called?
What is the approximate percentage of body weight attributed to water?
What is the approximate percentage of body weight attributed to water?
What are tiny machines called that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms?
What are tiny machines called that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms?
What type of bond is formed between carbon and hydrogen atoms?
What type of bond is formed between carbon and hydrogen atoms?
Which of the following best describes an amphipathic molecule?
Which of the following best describes an amphipathic molecule?
Which of the following structures can amphipathic molecules form in a watery environment?
Which of the following structures can amphipathic molecules form in a watery environment?
What is the main reason why amphipathic molecules organize into specific structures in a watery environment?
What is the main reason why amphipathic molecules organize into specific structures in a watery environment?
In a micelle, where are the hydrophobic regions of the amphipathic molecules located?
In a micelle, where are the hydrophobic regions of the amphipathic molecules located?
What is the primary function of the bilayer structure formed by amphipathic molecules?
What is the primary function of the bilayer structure formed by amphipathic molecules?
Why does water require a large amount of energy to change its physical state?
Why does water require a large amount of energy to change its physical state?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why measurement of solution concentration is important?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why measurement of solution concentration is important?
What does the unit 'mole' represent in chemistry?
What does the unit 'mole' represent in chemistry?
Which of the following terms refers to a substance that dissolves in a solvent?
Which of the following terms refers to a substance that dissolves in a solvent?
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond?
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond?
In a molecule of water (H2O), what type of bonds exist between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms?
In a molecule of water (H2O), what type of bonds exist between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms?
What is the primary type of interaction responsible for the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules?
What is the primary type of interaction responsible for the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules?
Which of the following is NOT a physical state that water can exist in?
Which of the following is NOT a physical state that water can exist in?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the stability of water in its liquid state?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the stability of water in its liquid state?
What is the significance of the high amount of energy required to change the physical state of water?
What is the significance of the high amount of energy required to change the physical state of water?
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration when a base is added to a solution of water?
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration when a base is added to a solution of water?
What is the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?
What is the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration?
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
What is the pH of a neutral solution?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a strong acid?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a strong acid?
What is the primary function of a buffer in biological systems?
What is the primary function of a buffer in biological systems?
How does a decrease in pH affect the hydrogen ion concentration?
How does a decrease in pH affect the hydrogen ion concentration?
What is the relationship between the pH scale and the concentration of hydrogen ions?
What is the relationship between the pH scale and the concentration of hydrogen ions?
What is the term used to describe a solution that has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions?
What is the term used to describe a solution that has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions?
What is the primary reason why pH is considered an essential parameter in biological systems?
What is the primary reason why pH is considered an essential parameter in biological systems?
What is the significance of the logarithmic nature of the pH scale?
What is the significance of the logarithmic nature of the pH scale?
Which of the following is an example of a buffer system in the human body?
Which of the following is an example of a buffer system in the human body?
What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 2.5 x 10^-3 molar?
What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 2.5 x 10^-3 molar?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of a buffer in a solution?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of a buffer in a solution?
What happens to the pH of a solution when a strong acid is added?
What happens to the pH of a solution when a strong acid is added?
What is the chemical equation for calculating pH?
What is the chemical equation for calculating pH?
What is the primary reason why significant changes in pH are disruptive to biological molecules?
What is the primary reason why significant changes in pH are disruptive to biological molecules?
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration of water when an acid is added?
What happens to the hydrogen ion concentration of water when an acid is added?
What is the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 x 10^-7 M?
What is the pH of a solution that has a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 x 10^-7 M?
Which of the following statements is true about a weak acid?
Which of the following statements is true about a weak acid?
How do buffers counteract the addition of a base to a solution?
How do buffers counteract the addition of a base to a solution?
How does the addition of a base to a solution affect the pH?
How does the addition of a base to a solution affect the pH?
In the context of the lecture, what was the purpose of demonstrating the pH simulation tool?
In the context of the lecture, what was the purpose of demonstrating the pH simulation tool?
The pH scale is a practical tool used to measure what?
The pH scale is a practical tool used to measure what?
What is the expected pH of pure water?
What is the expected pH of pure water?
When a base is added to water, what happens to the hydrogen ion concentration?
When a base is added to water, what happens to the hydrogen ion concentration?
In the simulation tool demonstrated in the lecture, what happens to the hydrogen ion concentration as you move the slider to more acidic pH values?
In the simulation tool demonstrated in the lecture, what happens to the hydrogen ion concentration as you move the slider to more acidic pH values?
According to the lecture, what is a major difference between a buffer and a simple acid or base?
According to the lecture, what is a major difference between a buffer and a simple acid or base?
What does the lecture suggest about the importance of buffers in biological systems?
What does the lecture suggest about the importance of buffers in biological systems?
What is the primary objective of the post-lecture assignments that incorporate interactive simulations and data analysis?
What is the primary objective of the post-lecture assignments that incorporate interactive simulations and data analysis?
What is the role of hydrogen ions in determining the pH of a solution?
What is the role of hydrogen ions in determining the pH of a solution?
What is the main takeaway from the lecture regarding the importance of pH in biological systems?
What is the main takeaway from the lecture regarding the importance of pH in biological systems?
What is the primary difference between hydrocarbons and other organic molecules?
What is the primary difference between hydrocarbons and other organic molecules?
Why are hydrocarbons considered hydrophobic?
Why are hydrocarbons considered hydrophobic?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about hydrocarbons?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about hydrocarbons?
What is the main reason why hydrocarbons are not readily soluble in water?
What is the main reason why hydrocarbons are not readily soluble in water?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polymers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polymers?
What is the process called that breaks down polymers into smaller monomers?
What is the process called that breaks down polymers into smaller monomers?
What is the role of water in the process of dehydration synthesis?
What is the role of water in the process of dehydration synthesis?
Which of the following best describes a monomer?
Which of the following best describes a monomer?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a polymer?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a polymer?
How many water molecules are removed when two monomers are joined together to form a dimer?
How many water molecules are removed when two monomers are joined together to form a dimer?
What is the primary difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
What is the primary difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
What is the main factor that determines the specific shape of an enzyme?
What is the main factor that determines the specific shape of an enzyme?
Why do enzymes have specific shapes?
Why do enzymes have specific shapes?
What is the term for the specific region on an enzyme that binds to a substrate?
What is the term for the specific region on an enzyme that binds to a substrate?
Which of the following is a true statement about the role of enzymes in biological systems?
Which of the following is a true statement about the role of enzymes in biological systems?
What are the primary components that make up carbohydrates at the molecular level?
What are the primary components that make up carbohydrates at the molecular level?
Which term best describes the small building blocks of carbohydrates?
Which term best describes the small building blocks of carbohydrates?
What is a key function of carbohydrates in nutrition?
What is a key function of carbohydrates in nutrition?
In the context of carbohydrates, what does the term 'polymer' refer to?
In the context of carbohydrates, what does the term 'polymer' refer to?
Which type of carbohydrate would you categorize glucose and fructose as?
Which type of carbohydrate would you categorize glucose and fructose as?
What happens during hydrolysis reactions of carbohydrates?
What happens during hydrolysis reactions of carbohydrates?
Why are some carbohydrates classified as indigestible fiber?
Why are some carbohydrates classified as indigestible fiber?
What structural characteristic can be found in the molecular structure of carbohydrates?
What structural characteristic can be found in the molecular structure of carbohydrates?
What is the primary reason carbon is considered 'the backbone' of organic molecules?
What is the primary reason carbon is considered 'the backbone' of organic molecules?
What is the term used to describe molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, often with nonpolar covalent bonds?
What is the term used to describe molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, often with nonpolar covalent bonds?
Which of the following functional groups is characterized by a bond between oxygen and hydrogen, contributing to hydrophilicity?
Which of the following functional groups is characterized by a bond between oxygen and hydrogen, contributing to hydrophilicity?
Which of the following properties is NOT associated with a molecule containing a hydroxyl group?
Which of the following properties is NOT associated with a molecule containing a hydroxyl group?
Why does the presence of multiple polar covalent bonds in a molecule generally lead to hydrophilicity?
Why does the presence of multiple polar covalent bonds in a molecule generally lead to hydrophilicity?
In the context of organic molecules, what is the defining characteristic of a functional group?
In the context of organic molecules, what is the defining characteristic of a functional group?
Why are carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds considered nonpolar covalent bonds?
Why are carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds considered nonpolar covalent bonds?
What is the primary reason that hydrocarbons are hydrophobic?
What is the primary reason that hydrocarbons are hydrophobic?
How does the presence of a hydroxyl group influence the properties of a molecule?
How does the presence of a hydroxyl group influence the properties of a molecule?
Which of the following is NOT a common functional group found in biological molecules?
Which of the following is NOT a common functional group found in biological molecules?
Which of the following elements, along with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are considered essential building blocks for organic molecules?
Which of the following elements, along with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are considered essential building blocks for organic molecules?
What is the primary reason why carbon can form so many different bonds and thus create diverse organic molecules?
What is the primary reason why carbon can form so many different bonds and thus create diverse organic molecules?
How many valence electrons does a carbon atom need to achieve a full and stable outer shell?
How many valence electrons does a carbon atom need to achieve a full and stable outer shell?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between functional groups and the overall properties of a molecule?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between functional groups and the overall properties of a molecule?
Which of the following bonds would be classified as a polar covalent bond?
Which of the following bonds would be classified as a polar covalent bond?
Why are functional groups considered important in understanding the properties and function of organic molecules?
Why are functional groups considered important in understanding the properties and function of organic molecules?
What is the primary reason that hydrophobic molecules do not interact with water?
What is the primary reason that hydrophobic molecules do not interact with water?
Which type of bond is responsible for the partial charges present in water molecules?
Which type of bond is responsible for the partial charges present in water molecules?
What is the formal term used to describe a water-based solution?
What is the formal term used to describe a water-based solution?
Which of the following properties is NOT a characteristic of hydrophilic molecules?
Which of the following properties is NOT a characteristic of hydrophilic molecules?
Based on the information provided, what type of interaction is responsible for the breakdown of salt crystals in water?
Based on the information provided, what type of interaction is responsible for the breakdown of salt crystals in water?
Which of the following is an example of a solute in a biological solution?
Which of the following is an example of a solute in a biological solution?
What is the significance of water being a polar molecule in biological systems?
What is the significance of water being a polar molecule in biological systems?
Which of the following is an example of an amphipathic molecule?
Which of the following is an example of an amphipathic molecule?
What is the most abundant element in the human body by weight?
What is the most abundant element in the human body by weight?
Which of the following describes the term 'hydrophobic'?
Which of the following describes the term 'hydrophobic'?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about water molecules?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about water molecules?
Which of the following characteristics contributes to the ability of water to dissolve solutes?
Which of the following characteristics contributes to the ability of water to dissolve solutes?
Why is the understanding of water so important in biological studies?
Why is the understanding of water so important in biological studies?
Which of these is NOT a category of molecules based on their interaction with water?
Which of these is NOT a category of molecules based on their interaction with water?
What is the significance of the partial charges on water molecules?
What is the significance of the partial charges on water molecules?
What is the main reason why water is considered a universal solvent?
What is the main reason why water is considered a universal solvent?
What is the primary reason why water requires a significant amount of energy to change its temperature?
What is the primary reason why water requires a significant amount of energy to change its temperature?
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in biological systems?
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in biological systems?
What is the primary reason why oil is hydrophobic?
What is the primary reason why oil is hydrophobic?
Which of the following properties of water is NOT directly related to hydrogen bonds?
Which of the following properties of water is NOT directly related to hydrogen bonds?
What is the primary reason why water molecules have partial charges?
What is the primary reason why water molecules have partial charges?
What is the relationship between hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in pure water?
What is the relationship between hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in pure water?
What happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) when an acid is added to water?
What happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) when an acid is added to water?
What is the key characteristic of an acid?
What is the key characteristic of an acid?
Which property of water allows it to move across cell membranes?
Which property of water allows it to move across cell membranes?
What is the primary reason why the hydrogen bonds between water molecules are important for biological systems?
What is the primary reason why the hydrogen bonds between water molecules are important for biological systems?
Which of the following is an example of a function of water related to its adhesion properties?
Which of the following is an example of a function of water related to its adhesion properties?
Which of the following is an example of a function of water related to its high specific heat capacity?
Which of the following is an example of a function of water related to its high specific heat capacity?
Which of the following is an example of a function of water related to its surface tension?
Which of the following is an example of a function of water related to its surface tension?
Which of these scenarios would require a significant amount of energy to occur?
Which of these scenarios would require a significant amount of energy to occur?
Which of these is NOT a true statement about water and its properties?
Which of these is NOT a true statement about water and its properties?
Flashcards
Chemical Reaction
Chemical Reaction
A process where reactants are transformed into products.
Reactants
Reactants
The starting materials in a chemical reaction.
Products
Products
The substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes
Enzymes
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Equilibrium
Equilibrium
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Water (H2O)
Water (H2O)
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Chemical Change
Chemical Change
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Cellular Reactions
Cellular Reactions
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Nonpolar Molecules
Nonpolar Molecules
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Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
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Examples of Nonpolar Bonds
Examples of Nonpolar Bonds
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Nonpolar Molecules in Biology
Nonpolar Molecules in Biology
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Amphipathic Molecules
Amphipathic Molecules
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Micelle
Micelle
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Bilayer
Bilayer
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Hydrophobic versus Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic versus Hydrophilic
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Impact of Water on Molecules
Impact of Water on Molecules
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Mole
Mole
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Concentration in Solutions
Concentration in Solutions
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States of Water
States of Water
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Stability of Liquid Water
Stability of Liquid Water
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Energy in Water Changes
Energy in Water Changes
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Dashed Lines in Water Structure
Dashed Lines in Water Structure
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Water Importance
Water Importance
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Solution
Solution
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Solute
Solute
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Solvent
Solvent
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Aqueous Solution
Aqueous Solution
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Hydrophilic Molecules
Hydrophilic Molecules
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Hydrophobic Molecules
Hydrophobic Molecules
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Polar Covalent Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
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Partial Charges
Partial Charges
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Ionic Interaction
Ionic Interaction
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Cations and Anions
Cations and Anions
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Dissolution Process
Dissolution Process
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Electrical Charges
Electrical Charges
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Hydrolysis Reactions
Hydrolysis Reactions
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
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Monomer
Monomer
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Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
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Sugar Structure
Sugar Structure
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Carbohydrate Functions
Carbohydrate Functions
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Nutrition Relation
Nutrition Relation
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Weak Acid
Weak Acid
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Strong Acid
Strong Acid
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Hydrogen Ion (H+)
Hydrogen Ion (H+)
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Base
Base
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pH Scale
pH Scale
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Neutral pH
Neutral pH
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Hydrogen Ion Concentration
Hydrogen Ion Concentration
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Inverse Relationship (pH and H+)
Inverse Relationship (pH and H+)
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Logarithmic Scale
Logarithmic Scale
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Buffers
Buffers
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Acid-Base Regulation
Acid-Base Regulation
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pH Disturbance
pH Disturbance
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Alkaline
Alkaline
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Hydroxide Ion (OH-)
Hydroxide Ion (OH-)
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Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond
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High Specific Heat
High Specific Heat
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Structural Support
Structural Support
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Cohesion
Cohesion
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Adhesion
Adhesion
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Surface Tension
Surface Tension
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Evaporation Cooling
Evaporation Cooling
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Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic
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Dissociation of Water
Dissociation of Water
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Acids
Acids
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Chemical Reactions in Water
Chemical Reactions in Water
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Ion Concentration
Ion Concentration
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pH
pH
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Acidity increase
Acidity increase
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Hydroxide ions
Hydroxide ions
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Stability
Stability
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Fluctuations in pH
Fluctuations in pH
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Cellular function disruption
Cellular function disruption
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Water molecule dissociation
Water molecule dissociation
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pH scale range
pH scale range
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pH calculator usage
pH calculator usage
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Buffer systems
Buffer systems
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pH and hydrogen concentration
pH and hydrogen concentration
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Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon
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Polymer
Polymer
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
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Functional Groups
Functional Groups
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Solubility
Solubility
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Similar Electronegativities
Similar Electronegativities
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Breaking Chemical Bonds
Breaking Chemical Bonds
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Building Molecules
Building Molecules
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Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bonds
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Carbon
Carbon
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Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds
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Valence Electrons
Valence Electrons
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Hydroxyl Group
Hydroxyl Group
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Non-Polar Bonds
Non-Polar Bonds
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules
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Covalent Bonding Partners
Covalent Bonding Partners
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Biological Building Blocks
Biological Building Blocks
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Study Notes
Chemical Reactions and Solutions
- Chemical reactions involve a process of change in materials (reactants) to form new materials (products).
- Reactions often require energy, typically from surrounding environments, and frequently use enzymes.
- Reactions tend to proceed in a specific direction, moving towards a state of equilibrium. Equilibrium represents an energetic balance, but in living systems, reactions are often continuously used, thus, they don't always reach equilibrium.
- Water (H₂O) is the most abundant molecule in cells and bodies, so the work of life, chemical reactions, building and breaking down materials, take place in the watery environment within us.
Chemical Reactions: Terminology
- Reactants: The starting materials in a chemical reaction.
- Products: The resulting materials formed during the reaction.
- Mixtures: Components mixed (e.g., solutions)
Solutions
- A solution is a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.
- Solutes: Dissolved substances (e.g., salts, sugars).
- Solvent: The liquid in which solutes are dissolved (e.g., water).
- When water is the solvent, the solution is called an aqueous solution.
- Water in our bodies is not pure water; it's a solution containing various materials.
Molecular Interactions with Water
- Hydrophilic molecules: Interact with water, having charge (full or partial). These molecules dissolve in water.
- Hydrophobic molecules: Do not interact with water; they are electrically neutral and nonpolar. These molecules do not dissolve in water.
- Amphipathic molecules: Have both hydrophilic (charged, polar) and hydrophobic (neutral, nonpolar) regions. In water, these molecules arrange themselves to isolate the hydrophobic parts from water and make the hydrophilic parts interact with water..
Water's Properties
- Water molecules form polar covalent bonds because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. This creates partial charges (oxygen negative, hydrogen positive).
- Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules due to attraction between these partial charges. Hydrogen bonds are weak but numerous bonds, leading to unique properties of water (e.g., high boiling point, surface tension).
- Water's stability as a liquid and changes of water's state (solid, liquid, gas) require significant energy due to hydrogen bonding. This stability is important in biological systems.
- Water has various functions in different biological systems and acts as a solvent and a reactant.
pH and Buffers
- Pure water has an equal number of hydrogen (H⁺) and hydroxide (OH⁻) ions.
- Acids increase the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution (lower pH).
- Bases decrease the concentration of H⁺ ions (increase pH).
- pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration.
- Buffers minimize fluctuations in pH by absorbing or releasing H⁺ ions depending on the necessity.
Measuring Amounts
- The mole measures the same number of particles (atoms or molecules) regardless of their size or mass.
- Measuring the amount needs to consider whether total mass or the number of particles is being measured.
Molecular Structure and Composition
- Monomers are smaller, single units of larger molecules.
- Polymers are large molecules formed from repeating monomer units.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose) that serve as monomers for larger carbohydrate structures.
Building and Breaking Down Molecules
- Dehydration synthesis (condensation): Removes water to bond monomers.
- Hydrolysis: Adds water to break down larger molecules into monomers.
Organic Molecules and Carbon
- Carbon is the primary backbone of organic molecules in many biological systems
- Hydrocarbons: Molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, nonpolar (hydrophobic)
- Functional groups: Small groups of atoms with specific properties; these properties are maintained no matter what larger molecule they attach to.
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