Biochemistry Overview Quiz
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Biochemistry Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of reproduction in biological terms?

  • The process of aging in organisms
  • The process of changing shape or form
  • The formation of offspring similar to parents (correct)
  • The increase of size and volume in organisms

    • What distinguishes asexual reproduction from sexual reproduction?

  • Asexual reproduction results in larger offspring
  • Asexual reproduction requires two parents
  • Asexual reproduction develops from one parent (correct)
  • Asexual reproduction involves genetic variation

    • Which of the following is NOT classified as a bioinorganic substance?

  • Water
  • Lipids
  • Proteins (correct)
  • Inorganic Salts

    • How do living things grow compared to nonliving things?

    <p>Living things grow by internal addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of cells?

    <p>Cells are made of one or more bioorganic substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'development' refer to in biological terms?

    <p>The changes undergone throughout an organism's life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biochemical substances?

    <p>Include both organic and inorganic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage of an organism's structure is typically made up of water?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes chitin?

    <p>A polysaccharide providing structure in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes simple carbohydrates?

    <p>Typically sweet in taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide is known as animal starch?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of starch?

    <p>Fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Control center of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for transporting proteins within the cell?

    <p>Endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digest waste materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the plasma membrane contribute to the cell's function?

    <p>Regulates material transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hydrophobic mean in relation to cell molecules?

    <p>Repellent to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is one of the four most abundant in living organisms?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes a multicellular organism from a unicellular one?

    <p>Number of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of ribosomes in the cell?

    <p>Synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution is cytosol primarily composed of?

    <p>Aqueous solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a chiral molecule?

    <p>Its mirror images are nonsuperimposable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes enantiomers?

    <p>They are molecules that are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a D-sugar?

    <p>The -OH group on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl points right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is commonly referred to as 'brain sugar'?

    <p>D-Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of D-Glucose in hospitals?

    <p>It serves as an intravenous source of nourishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines diastereomers?

    <p>They differ in molecular and structural arrangements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is maltose composed of?

    <p>Glucose and Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for D-Fructose?

    <p>Levulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes organic molecules from inorganic molecules?

    <p>Organic molecules typically have a specific three-dimensional shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?

    <p>Serving as an energy source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about polysaccharides is correct?

    <p>Polysaccharides contain many monosaccharide units covalently bonded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of cellulose?

    <p>A unbranched polymer of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrates are sucrose and lactose classified as?

    <p>Disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is characteristic of monosaccharides?

    <p>They contain one aldehyde or ketone group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate acts as an energy storage polysaccharide in animals?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chirality and handedness relate to carbohydrates?

    <p>Chirality arises from chiral centers with four different groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide is primarily responsible for structural integrity in plants?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hyaluronic acid within polysaccharides?

    <p>Provides elasticity in connective tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?

    <p>They are primarily composed of nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is a major component of the energy storage in plants?

    <p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the repeating unit composition of acidic polysaccharides?

    <p>Contains amino sugars and has a negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of the 'L' form of carbohydrates?

    <p>It indicates a left-handed structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Biochemistry

    • Biochemistry studies molecules and reactions in living organisms.
    • Reproduction:
      • Asexual reproduction involves one parent.
      • Sexual reproduction involves two parents.

    Growth and Development

    • Growth is the increase in size and volume.
      • Living organisms grow through internal addition.
    • Development refers to changes in shape or form throughout an organism's life cycle.

    Biochemical Substances

    • Bioinorganic Substances:

      • Water (70%)
      • Inorganic Salts (5%)

    • Bioorganic Substances:

      • Proteins (15%)
      • Lipids (8%)

    Cell Structure

    • Organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life.
      • Unicellular: single cell
      • Multicellular: multiple cells

    Adaptation and Homeostasis

    • Adaptation helps organisms survive in specific environments.
    • Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions.

    Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm

    • Plasma membrane separates external and internal environments, is semi-permeable.
    • Cytoplasm is a water-based solution (cytosol) containing organelles.

    Organelles

    • Nucleus: Control center containing DNA.
    • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis, make endoplasmic reticulum rough.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Processes proteins; rough ER has ribosomes.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and distributes proteins and lipids.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell that synthesizes ATP.
    • Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and organization in cells.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for removing waste.
    • Peroxisomes: Oxidize fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

    Chemical Foundations

    • Bulk Elements: H, Na, K, Ca, N, O, P, S, Cl.
    • Four most abundant elements in cells: C, H, O, N (CHON).

    Organic Compounds

    • Organic compounds contain carbon; exceptions include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbonates.
    • Carbon is tetravalent (forms four covalent bonds) and gives organic molecules a unique 3D structure.

    Carbohydrates Classification

    • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (3-7 carbons), water-soluble, include one aldehyde or ketone group.
    • Disaccharides: Two covalently bonded monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose).
    • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides; can be storage (starch, glycogen) or structural (cellulose, chitin).

    Types of Polysaccharides

    • Storage Polysaccharides:

      • Starch: Energy storage in plants.
      • Glycogen: Energy storage in animals.

    • Structural Polysaccharides:

      • Cellulose: Major component of plant cell walls.
      • Chitin: Provides rigidity in exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects.

    Dietary Considerations

    • Simple Carbohydrates: Sweet sugars found in milk and fruits, and refined sugars (sucrose).
    • Complex Carbohydrates: Dietary polysaccharides that require more digestion.

    Glycolipids and Proteins

    • Glycoproteins: Proteins with attached oligosaccharides; play roles in cellular recognition and signaling.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of biochemistry, including molecular structures, cell biology, and the processes of growth and reproduction in living organisms. This quiz covers essential concepts such as biochemical substances and homeostasis.

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