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Questions and Answers
What is the structure of enkephalins?
What is the structure of enkephalins?
- Pentapeptides (correct)
- Octapeptides
- Tetrapeptides
- Hexapeptides
Where are enkephalins primarily found in the body?
Where are enkephalins primarily found in the body?
- Spinal cord
- Liver
- Brain (correct)
- Heart
What primary function do enkephalins serve?
What primary function do enkephalins serve?
- Hormonal regulation
- Neurotransmission
- Pain relief (correct)
- Memory enhancement
Which of the following statements is true about enkephalins?
Which of the following statements is true about enkephalins?
How many enkephalins are typically referenced in discussions of their function?
How many enkephalins are typically referenced in discussions of their function?
What happens to reduced glutathione (GSH) during oxidation?
What happens to reduced glutathione (GSH) during oxidation?
What is the result of two GSH molecules undergoing oxidation?
What is the result of two GSH molecules undergoing oxidation?
Which groups of amino acids are involved in the formation of the disulfide bond during the oxidation of glutathione?
Which groups of amino acids are involved in the formation of the disulfide bond during the oxidation of glutathione?
What occurs specifically between the two cysteine residues during the oxidation of two GSH molecules?
What occurs specifically between the two cysteine residues during the oxidation of two GSH molecules?
The oxidized form of glutathione is commonly referred to as what?
The oxidized form of glutathione is commonly referred to as what?
What conclusion did WHO reach regarding aspartame in June 2023?
What conclusion did WHO reach regarding aspartame in June 2023?
In which types of products is aspartame commonly found?
In which types of products is aspartame commonly found?
Which of the following statements is true regarding aspartame?
Which of the following statements is true regarding aspartame?
How does WHO's declaration affect perceptions of aspartame?
How does WHO's declaration affect perceptions of aspartame?
What is the implication of aspartame being classified as a possible carcinogen?
What is the implication of aspartame being classified as a possible carcinogen?
What structural feature is primarily responsible for the cyclic structure mentioned?
What structural feature is primarily responsible for the cyclic structure mentioned?
Which feature contributes to the stability of the structure mentioned?
Which feature contributes to the stability of the structure mentioned?
What are the components that lead to the stability in the structures discussed?
What are the components that lead to the stability in the structures discussed?
How does the presence of the S-S link affect the structure?
How does the presence of the S-S link affect the structure?
What role does the amide group at the C-terminus serve in the context discussed?
What role does the amide group at the C-terminus serve in the context discussed?
What happens when a cell produces multiple copies of the same protein?
What happens when a cell produces multiple copies of the same protein?
What is primarily responsible for the native conformation of proteins?
What is primarily responsible for the native conformation of proteins?
What can negatively impact the ability of proteins to achieve their native conformation?
What can negatively impact the ability of proteins to achieve their native conformation?
The process by which proteins reach their native conformation can be best described as:
The process by which proteins reach their native conformation can be best described as:
If a cell fails to produce sufficient copies of a protein, what consequence might follow?
If a cell fails to produce sufficient copies of a protein, what consequence might follow?
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Study Notes
Oxidation of Glutathione
- Two molecules of reduced glutathione (GSH) undergo oxidation, forming a disulfide bond (S-S) between cysteine residues.
- This process leads to the creation of the oxidized form of glutathione, denoted as GS-SG.
Enkephalins
- Enkephalins consist of two pentapeptides that serve as analgesics in the brain.
- Notable features include:
- A cyclic structure formed by disulfide links between cysteine residues (Cys 1 and Cys 6).
- Presence of an amide group at the C-terminus, contributing to the stability of the peptides.
Aspartame
- Aspartame is a common artificial sweetener found in various food products such as soft drinks and candies.
- In June 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified aspartame as a possible carcinogen.
Protein Conformation
- When cells replicate the same protein, all copies adopt the same native conformation.
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