Biochemistry of Blood

Haemoglobin is composed of haem and globin.

Haem has two additional coordination bonds: the 5th bond links to proximal histidine, and the 6th bond is linked to oxygen in oxyhemoglobin.

The α chains consist of 141 amino acids, while the β chains contain 146 amino acids.

<p>The biologically important porphyrin found in haem and cytochromes is Type III isomer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemoglobin provides an environment that allows the binding of oxygen while blocking the final step of oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary type of adult hemoglobin is HbA, which is composed of two alpha and two beta chains (α2β2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A haem molecule contains iron and a porphyrin ring derived from four pyrrole rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Side chains in porphyrins are substituted for hydrogen atoms and define the characteristics of different porphyrin types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary defect is a decreased or absent synthesis of α chains of hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In HbH disease, there are four β chains produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital Met Hemoglobinemia is due to genetic mutations, while acquired arises from exposure to drugs or toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess HbA2 (α2δ2) and HbF (α2γ2) are primarily produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The blood appears brownish in color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulse oximetry can be used to test the saturation of blood oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment with reducing agents like methylene blue is ineffective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingestion of large amounts of phenacetin or exposure to excess nitrites are causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two Alpha chains and two Delta chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs through a non-enzymatic reaction where glucose is linked to the e-amino group of lysine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal Hemoglobin consists of two Alpha chains and two Gamma chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mutation replacing Glutamic acid with Valine at the 6th position of the Beta chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are fragile, leading to anemia, and can get trapped in small blood vessels, causing thrombus formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A normal reticulocyte count is between 10-20%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows the presence of HbS and the absence of HbA, with HbS moving more slowly towards the cathode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By age 7 months, 90% of HbF is replaced by HbA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent the reduction of Folic Acid to Tetrahydrofolic Acid, blocking nucleic acid synthesis in malignant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cobalamin consists of a corrin ring and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole riboside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neither animals nor plants can synthesize it; it's synthesized by microorganisms in the animal intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic factor binds to Vitamin B12, facilitating its transport to the ileum for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to pernicious anemia and neurologic disorders due to myelin sheath damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Green leafy vegetables like spinach and animal tissues such as liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The requirement is between 70-140 mg/day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is essential for the conversion of several clotting factors to their active forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin K acts as a cofactor necessary for the carboxylation of glutamic acid to y-carboxy glutamic acid, which is essential for the conversion of prothrombin to active prothrombin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>y-Carboxy glutamic acid chelates calcium, enabling the prothrombin-calcium complex to bind to the phospholipid membrane for thrombin conversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adult females require 18 mg of iron per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low pH in the stomach helps liberate iron, and the presence of reducing agents converts ferric iron (Fe³⁺) to ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), which is more easily absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heme transporter facilitates the direct absorption of heme iron, providing a more efficient source of iron for the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin K deficiency results in a bleeding tendency from minor wounds and is diagnosed by prolonged blood coagulation time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organ meats such as liver and plant sources like spinach and whole wheat are good dietary sources of iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid) and phytates can inhibit iron absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haem is synthesized in the bone marrow for hemoglobin and in the liver for cytochromes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ALA Synthase catalyzes the reaction of glycine with succinyl CoA to produce 5-Amino Levulinic Acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four Porphobilinogen molecules are required to synthesize Uroporphyrinogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folic acid consists of a pteridine nucleus, P-amino benzoic acid, and glutamic acid, forming pteroic acid plus glutamic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The daily requirement of folic acid for adults is 200 µg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The beta carbon of serine is the major source of one-carbon groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folate deficiency leads to macrocytic anemia and gastrointestinal disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetrahydrofolate acts as a coenzyme for one-carbon metabolism, facilitating the transfer of one-carbon units.</p> Signup and view all the answers