Biochemistry Functional Groups Quiz

A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and the backbone of a molecule.

An organic molecule containing a sulfhydryl group (- SH).

A carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

An organic compound containing a methyl group.

Methyl groups affect gene expression and hormone function by acting as tags on biological molecules.

Carbohydrates are also called saccharides or sugars.

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

The carbonyl group is a functional group in carbohydrates consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

The empirical formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.

The elemental composition of carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y, where y represents the number of water molecules.

Examples of carbohydrates include sugars, glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Sugars provide an accessible and stored energy source for humans and animals.

Cellulose is an important material in the cell wall of plants, providing structural support.

A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which is then bonded to the carbon skeleton. (-OH). This structure forms a polar covalent bond.

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH).

A nitrogen atom attached to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton (-NH2).

A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, with one oxygen bonded to the carbon skeleton (-PO4).

A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and the carbon skeleton (-SH).

A molecule with a polar functional group, like a hydroxyl or carboxyl group, which can form hydrogen bonds with water.

A molecule with non-polar functional groups, like a methyl group, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with water.

The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

A carbohydrate formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules. Examples include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

A complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide units linked together in a long chain. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

A six-carbon monosaccharide that is the primary energy source for most organisms.

A six-carbon monosaccharide found naturally in fruits and honey.

A six-carbon monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose, the sugar found in milk.

A complex carbohydrate composed of many glucose molecules linked together. It serves as a storage form of energy in plants.

A complex carbohydrate that is the storage form of glucose in animals and humans.

Sulfhydryl groups help stabilize the structure of proteins. They can form disulfide bonds, which are essential for protein folding and stability.

A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds, one with a double bond).

An organic compound containing a phosphate group.

One function of phosphate groups is to transfer energy between organic molecules, acting as an energy carrier.

The covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together in a disaccharide.

Two monosaccharides come together, releasing a water molecule (condensation), forming a glycosidic bond.

Water is added to a glycosidic bond, breaking the disaccharide into its two constituent monosaccharides (hydrolysis).

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are common disaccharides, each formed from two different monosaccharides.

Disaccharides are formed by the joining of two monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond, which forms through a condensation reaction where a water molecule is removed.

A glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that links monosaccharides together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Disaccharides are formed by a condensation reaction where two monosaccharides join together, releasing a water molecule.

A reducing sugar is a carbohydrate that can reduce Cu2+ ions in Benedict's solution to Cu+, causing a color change from blue to brick red.

Polysaccharides have the general formula Cx(H2O)y, indicating they are composed of many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms arranged in a specific way.

Starch is made of α-glucose units and is branched, while cellulose is made of β-glucose units and is linear and unbranched.

Starch serves as an energy storage molecule in plants, readily providing glucose for energy production.

Cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls, acting as a strong and rigid material.

Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage form in animals, mainly stored in the liver and muscles.

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide derived from carbohydrates, found in the exoskeletons of insects and the outer shells of crustaceans.