Biochemistry Functional Groups Quiz

<p>To stabilize the structure of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats, oils, and waxes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation is the process of removing water to form a bond between monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down compounds by the addition of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The empirical formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis, which serve as energy sources and structural components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The carboxyl group acts as an acid by donating hydrogen ions (H+), making compounds carboxylic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen functions as an energy storage molecule in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phosphate group consists of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms, holding a net charge of -2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hydroxyl group, due to its polar covalent bond with oxygen, increases the solubility of organic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates provide an accessible source of energy and contribute to dietary fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cysteine contains a sulfhydryl group that helps stabilize protein structure through disulfide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton, while ketones have it in the middle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methyl groups can modify DNA or proteins, affecting gene expression and influencing hormone function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amino group acts as a base by picking up hydrogen ions (H+), which is vital for forming proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compounds with a methyl group are hydrophobic due to the non-polar nature of the methane molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiols are distinguished by the presence of a sulfhydryl group (-SH) in their structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partial negative charge on the carbonyl group's oxygen can form hydrogen bonds with water, enhancing hydrophilicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate groups are crucial for transferring energy between organic molecules, especially in ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methyl groups provide hydrophobic characteristics, leading to non-polar covalent bonding in compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phosphate group contributes hydrophilic characteristics, allowing molecules to interact with water effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A methyl group consists of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sulfhydryl group can form disulfide bonds, which are important for stabilizing protein structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate groups are classified as anions due to their two negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldoses have the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon backbone, while ketoses have it in the middle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose and sucrose are examples, significant as they serve as energy sources and transport forms in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the formation reaction, two monosaccharides react to form a disaccharide and a molecule of water is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis is the reversed reaction where disaccharides break down into monosaccharides, typically involving the addition of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the simplest carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose, which is composed of glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They differ in the location of the -OH group at the 4th carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(CH2O)n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch, which serves as a storage form of energy in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides are soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to determine their specific type, such as triose, tetrose, pentose, or hexose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A glycosidic bond links monosaccharides to form disaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing sugars can reduce Cu2+ ions, while non-reducing sugars cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylose is a long straight chain of glucose, while amylopectin has branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides are made of many monosaccharides linked through condensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose serves as a structural component in the cell wall of plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen functions as an energy storage form of glucose in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin is a polysaccharide consisting of modified glucose and is structured as long chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polysaccharides are generally not sweet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch is composed of α-glucose, while cellulose is composed of β-glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and the backbone of a molecule.

An organic molecule containing a sulfhydryl group (- SH).

A carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

An organic compound containing a methyl group.

Methyl groups affect gene expression and hormone function by acting as tags on biological molecules.

Carbohydrates are also called saccharides or sugars.

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

The carbonyl group is a functional group in carbohydrates consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

The empirical formula for carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.

The elemental composition of carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y, where y represents the number of water molecules.

Examples of carbohydrates include sugars, glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Sugars provide an accessible and stored energy source for humans and animals.

Cellulose is an important material in the cell wall of plants, providing structural support.

A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which is then bonded to the carbon skeleton. (-OH). This structure forms a polar covalent bond.

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).

A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH).

A nitrogen atom attached to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton (-NH2).

A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, with one oxygen bonded to the carbon skeleton (-PO4).

A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and the carbon skeleton (-SH).

A molecule with a polar functional group, like a hydroxyl or carboxyl group, which can form hydrogen bonds with water.

A molecule with non-polar functional groups, like a methyl group, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with water.

The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

A carbohydrate formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules. Examples include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

A complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide units linked together in a long chain. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

A six-carbon monosaccharide that is the primary energy source for most organisms.

A six-carbon monosaccharide found naturally in fruits and honey.

A six-carbon monosaccharide that combines with glucose to form lactose, the sugar found in milk.

A complex carbohydrate composed of many glucose molecules linked together. It serves as a storage form of energy in plants.

A complex carbohydrate that is the storage form of glucose in animals and humans.

Sulfhydryl groups help stabilize the structure of proteins. They can form disulfide bonds, which are essential for protein folding and stability.

A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds, one with a double bond).

An organic compound containing a phosphate group.

One function of phosphate groups is to transfer energy between organic molecules, acting as an energy carrier.

The covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together in a disaccharide.

Two monosaccharides come together, releasing a water molecule (condensation), forming a glycosidic bond.

Water is added to a glycosidic bond, breaking the disaccharide into its two constituent monosaccharides (hydrolysis).

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are common disaccharides, each formed from two different monosaccharides.

Disaccharides are formed by the joining of two monosaccharides via a glycosidic bond, which forms through a condensation reaction where a water molecule is removed.

A glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that links monosaccharides together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Disaccharides are formed by a condensation reaction where two monosaccharides join together, releasing a water molecule.

A reducing sugar is a carbohydrate that can reduce Cu2+ ions in Benedict's solution to Cu+, causing a color change from blue to brick red.

Polysaccharides have the general formula Cx(H2O)y, indicating they are composed of many carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms arranged in a specific way.

Starch is made of α-glucose units and is branched, while cellulose is made of β-glucose units and is linear and unbranched.

Starch serves as an energy storage molecule in plants, readily providing glucose for energy production.

Cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls, acting as a strong and rigid material.

Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide that serves as the primary energy storage form in animals, mainly stored in the liver and muscles.

Chitin is a structural polysaccharide derived from carbohydrates, found in the exoskeletons of insects and the outer shells of crustaceans.