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Questions and Answers
What does an elevated BUN level primarily indicate?
What does an elevated BUN level primarily indicate?
What does a declining eGFR primarily signify?
What does a declining eGFR primarily signify?
Which of the following abnormalities could signal kidney dysfunction through electrolyte levels?
Which of the following abnormalities could signal kidney dysfunction through electrolyte levels?
Which urine constituent is specifically indicative of multiple myeloma?
Which urine constituent is specifically indicative of multiple myeloma?
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Which laboratory finding is most indicative of acute pancreatitis?
Which laboratory finding is most indicative of acute pancreatitis?
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What does urine osmolality reflect about kidney function?
What does urine osmolality reflect about kidney function?
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Which acid-base disorder is characterized by decreased bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid?
Which acid-base disorder is characterized by decreased bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid?
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What is the expected result of a fecal pancreatic elastase 1 test in a patient with pancreatic insufficiency?
What is the expected result of a fecal pancreatic elastase 1 test in a patient with pancreatic insufficiency?
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What is a common cause of peptic ulcers?
What is a common cause of peptic ulcers?
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What might be a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
What might be a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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What laboratory finding is typically associated with metabolic acidosis?
What laboratory finding is typically associated with metabolic acidosis?
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What type of test uses urea labeled with carbon-13 to detect Helicobacter pylori?
What type of test uses urea labeled with carbon-13 to detect Helicobacter pylori?
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Which of the following tests is used to diagnose pancreatic insufficiency by measuring stool fat content?
Which of the following tests is used to diagnose pancreatic insufficiency by measuring stool fat content?
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What is the primary purpose of a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in diagnosing leukemia?
What is the primary purpose of a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in diagnosing leukemia?
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Which assessment indicates pancreatic insufficiency when the pancreatic response to secretin and cholecystokinin is decreased?
Which assessment indicates pancreatic insufficiency when the pancreatic response to secretin and cholecystokinin is decreased?
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Which test is performed to identify the presence of specific gene mutations relevant to leukemia treatment?
Which test is performed to identify the presence of specific gene mutations relevant to leukemia treatment?
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What is a common symptom of peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori?
What is a common symptom of peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori?
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What distinguishes leukemia from lymphoma?
What distinguishes leukemia from lymphoma?
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Which method involves examining the stomach and duodenum using a flexible, lighted tube?
Which method involves examining the stomach and duodenum using a flexible, lighted tube?
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What is a common biochemical test for diagnosing iron-deficiency anemia?
What is a common biochemical test for diagnosing iron-deficiency anemia?
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Which test helps in distinguishing between different types of leukemia?
Which test helps in distinguishing between different types of leukemia?
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What does a peripheral blood smear primarily evaluate?
What does a peripheral blood smear primarily evaluate?
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What is the hallmark of acute leukemia?
What is the hallmark of acute leukemia?
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Which of the following conditions describes thrombocytopenia?
Which of the following conditions describes thrombocytopenia?
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What does an elevation of ALT levels in the blood typically indicate?
What does an elevation of ALT levels in the blood typically indicate?
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Which enzyme is less specific to liver damage compared to ALT?
Which enzyme is less specific to liver damage compared to ALT?
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What does an increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels generally suggest?
What does an increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels generally suggest?
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What does elevated unconjugated bilirubin typically indicate?
What does elevated unconjugated bilirubin typically indicate?
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Which of the following describes the primary function of Albumin in the body?
Which of the following describes the primary function of Albumin in the body?
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In which condition would you expect elevated levels of AST in the blood?
In which condition would you expect elevated levels of AST in the blood?
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Which statement about albumin levels is true?
Which statement about albumin levels is true?
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What is the primary reason ALP is released into the bloodstream?
What is the primary reason ALP is released into the bloodstream?
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Which condition is associated with decreased intestinal absorption of phosphate?
Which condition is associated with decreased intestinal absorption of phosphate?
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What is a potential cause of hypophosphatemia related to kidney function?
What is a potential cause of hypophosphatemia related to kidney function?
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Which mechanism is involved in the shift of phosphate into cells during refeeding syndrome?
Which mechanism is involved in the shift of phosphate into cells during refeeding syndrome?
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In which condition is hyperphosphatemia likely to occur due to impaired phosphate excretion?
In which condition is hyperphosphatemia likely to occur due to impaired phosphate excretion?
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How can a high dietary intake affect phosphate levels in the body?
How can a high dietary intake affect phosphate levels in the body?
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What role do medications like diuretics play in phosphate disorders?
What role do medications like diuretics play in phosphate disorders?
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Which condition is NOT associated with hyperphosphatemia?
Which condition is NOT associated with hyperphosphatemia?
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What causes the release of phosphate back into the bloodstream during tissue necrosis?
What causes the release of phosphate back into the bloodstream during tissue necrosis?
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What is a defining characteristic of Respiratory Acidosis?
What is a defining characteristic of Respiratory Acidosis?
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Which of the following is a common cause of Respiratory Alkalosis?
Which of the following is a common cause of Respiratory Alkalosis?
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How is the Anion Gap calculated?
How is the Anion Gap calculated?
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What does an increased Anion Gap typically indicate?
What does an increased Anion Gap typically indicate?
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Which test measures blood glucose levels after at least 8 hours of fasting?
Which test measures blood glucose levels after at least 8 hours of fasting?
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What is the primary purpose of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
What is the primary purpose of the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
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What pH classification is associated with a high bicarbonate level and elevated pCO2?
What pH classification is associated with a high bicarbonate level and elevated pCO2?
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What might indicate a normal Anion Gap in the context of metabolic acidosis?
What might indicate a normal Anion Gap in the context of metabolic acidosis?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Exam Study Notes
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Week 1:
- False-positive results indicate a condition is present when it is not.
- False-negative results indicate a condition is absent when it is present.
- Sensitivity is the frequency a test correctly identifies patients with the disease.
- Specificity is how often healthy subjects are correctly identified.
- Routine urinalysis has three main parts: gross appearance, microscopy, and biochemistry.
- Gross appearance evaluates urine volume, color, and clarity.
- Microscopy examines urine for cells, casts, crystals, and bacteria.
- Biochemistry analyzes urine for components like pH, osmolality, protein, urea, creatinine, and glucose to assess kidney function and potential diabetes.
- Clinically relevant enzymes include Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which is primarily located in the liver and kidneys, and indicates damage to hepatocytes, potentially suggesting liver disease. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is found in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidneys, indicating tissue damage in those areas
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Week 2:
- Amylase and lipase are primarily located in the pancreas. Elevated levels indicate acute pancreatitis or other pancreatic conditions.
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is present in various tissues, including heart, liver, red blood cells, kidneys, brain, lungs, and skeletal muscle. Elevated levels indicate various conditions affecting different organs, including myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and certain cancers.
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Week 3:
- Osmolality is a measure of the total number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent.
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Week 4:
- Acid-base balance is important. Metabolic acidosis is characterized by decreased bicarbonate. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by increased bicarbonate. Respiratory acidosis is characterized by high carbon dioxide levels, and respiratory alkalosis is characterized by low carbon dioxide levels.
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Week 5:
- Important glucose metabolism tests include: Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Random Plasma Glucose (RPG), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), and Urine Ketone Tests.
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Week 6:
- Compare and contrast primary, secondary, and tertiary endocrine diseases.
- Primary diseases affect the endocrine gland.
- Secondary diseases involve pituitary dysfunction.
- Tertiary diseases involve hypothalamic failure which affects the pituitary gland's function.
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Week 7:
- Identify important causes of mineral and bone disorders, such as calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and others.
- The role of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium in the body. The concept of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium disorders, like hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and others.
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Week 8:
- Biochemical tests for diagnosis of blood disorders including, complete blood count (CBC), myoglobin, LDH, BUN, creatinin, and more.
- Types of leukemia and their characteristics including acute and chronic leukemias and specific examples such as ALL, AML, CLL, and CML.
- Key tests to aid in diagnosis.
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Week 9:
- Important biomarkers for myocardial injury, such as troponin I and T, myoglobin, and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB).
- The key characteristics and diagnostic tests for different types of anemia, and cardiovascular disorders, such as iron deficiency, pernicious, sickle cell, thalassemias, chronic disease, and others.
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Week 10:
- Liver disorders and their importance including, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and glycogenisis processes.
- Liver function tests: ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, PT, GGT, and albumin.
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Week 11:
- Pancreatic disorders, including laboratory findings like amylase, lipase, trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) levels.
- Key lab tests used to diagnose pancreatic insufficiency, such as fecal fat, fecal pancreatic elastase 1 test, secretin-cholecystokinin test, and trypsinogen test.
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Week 12:
- Gastrointestinal disorders.
- Causes, characteristics, complications, and treatments of IBD, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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Week 13:
- Biochemical Toxicology and poisoning, determining the usefulness of anion gap and osmol gap in toxicology, and the importance of the toxicity of common medications.
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Description
Prepare for your biochemistry exam with these concise study notes. Covering essential concepts such as false-positive and false-negative results, sensitivity, specificity, and components analyzed in routine urinalysis, these notes are ideal for quick revision. Enhance your understanding of clinically relevant enzymes and their implications for liver and kidney function.
