Biochemistry Exam 3: Hemostasis and Clotting

A condition where the platelet count is below the normal range.

Water-soluble bilirubin processed by the liver, ready for excretion.

Unconjugated, insoluble bilirubin, bound to albumin in the blood.

Factors affecting lab results from order to analysis, account for up to 75% of errors.

Milky serum or plasma due to eating before a fasting lab test.

Rupture of red blood cells during collection, leading to elevated potassium, magnesium, and phosphate.

Tests cholesterol (total, HDL, LDL) and triglycerides.

Group of chemistry tests measuring kidney function and electrolytes.

Desmosine is a unique amino acid found only in elastin, formed from lysine reactions.

Elastin has large hydrophobic domains and is highly elastic and flexible.

Fibrillin is an extracellular matrix protein that provides a scaffold for elastin deposition and limits growth factor availability.

Bone is composed of collagen microfibrils and hydroxyapatite crystals.

Collagen provides bone shape and strength by offering sites for hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation.

Hydroxyapatite crystals provide bone hardness and strength, filling spaces between collagen pieces.

Cells that help build bone.

Structural units in compact bone that provide support for nerves and blood supply passage

Osteoblasts create new bone and regulate osteoclast activity.

Osteoclasts break down bone.

These proteins stimulate osteoclast formation and require calcium.

The continuous process of bone breakdown and rebuilding, essential for tooth movement and maintaining bone structure.

Enamel is primarily hydroxyapatite (90%) and lacks collagen.

Bone density naturally decreases with age, more significantly for women during menopause.

Decreased estrogen levels during menopause lead to increased osteoclast activity and bone loss, increasing risk of osteoporosis.

Tooth movement alters bone tension: pressure side increases osteoclast activity, tension side increases osteoblast activity.

Estrogen helps reduce bone breakdown by decreasing the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Calcium acts as a messenger, carrying signals from the cell surface to the cell's interior.

Calcium, in the form of calcium phosphate, is a major component of bone and teeth.

The process of maintaining calcium levels in the blood within a specific range.

The continuous process of breaking down and rebuilding bone tissue, using osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

A hormone that increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium reabsorption and inhibiting phosphate excretion.

Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption in the intestine.

Osteoporosis weakens the jaw, potentially leading to gum recession and tooth loss.

A sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth, creating an anaerobic environment that promotes acid production.

An environment lacking oxygen, favoring the growth of anaerobic bacteria in dental plaque.

The most abundant glucose polymers in dental plaque, contributing to its sticky nature.

Fluoride strengthens enamel, increasing remineralization rates and preventing tooth decay.

Hardened plaque caused by calcium phosphate precipitation, often forming on teeth.

The most common type of oral cancer, originating from the surface lining of the mouth and throat.

Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sun exposure, HPV infection, and iron deficiency are major risk factors for oral cancer.

Mutations in genes controlling cell growth lead to uncontrolled cell division, creating tumors.

A condition where cells in the mouth show changes that might lead to cancer. It's often asymptomatic but can appear as a white or red patch.

A white patch in the mouth caused by abnormal cell growth, a potential precancerous condition.

A red patch in the mouth, a more serious precancerous condition than Leukoplakia.

Low levels of phosphate in the blood. Can be caused by insufficient intake, increased excretion, or impaired absorption.

A rare genetic disorder where the body cannot produce enough alkaline phosphatase, affecting bone and teeth development.

The enzyme tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, essential for bone mineralization. A deficiency leads to Hypophosphatasia.

The mineral component of bone, formed from calcium and phosphate, essential for bone strength.

An inhibitor of bone mineralization, accumulation leads to weak bones in Hypophosphatasia.