Biochemistry Chapter Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of cellular mass is typically made up of water?

  • 50%
  • 30%
  • 70% or more (correct)
  • 90%

Which property of water allows it to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules?

  • Low molecular weight
  • Polarity (correct)
  • High viscosity
  • High density

Which of the following sugars is classified as a triose?

  • Ribose
  • Glyceraldehyde (correct)
  • Starch
  • Glucose

Which type of molecules are considered hydrophilic?

<p>Polar molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary carbon linkage in glycogen?

<p>Carbon 1 to Carbon 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason nonpolar molecules cluster together in water?

<p>To minimize contact with water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are polar and nonpolar interactions important in biological structures?

<p>They are crucial for the formation of structures like cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar forms a ring structure in both α and β configurations?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a pentose?

<p>Ribose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes trioses from hexoses?

<p>The number of carbon atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of polysaccharide is characterized by a linear, non-branched structure?

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glycosidic bond connects the glucose molecules in both glycogen and amylose?

<p>1→4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide primarily serves as a storage form of glucose?

<p>Starch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural characteristic distinguishes glycogen from amylose?

<p>Branched structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cellulose in plants?

<p>Structural support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of simple sugars like glucose in cells?

<p>To provide energy and building blocks for cellular components (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about polysaccharides is correct?

<p>They can serve as both energy storage and structural elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between monosaccharides?

<p>Glycosidic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chains of sugars is referred to as oligosaccharides?

<p>Chains containing two to four monosaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate representation of the basic structure of carbohydrates?

<p>(CH₂O)n (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the structure of polysaccharides is correct?

<p>Cellulose possesses long linear chains formed by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do oligosaccharides play in cellular functions?

<p>They help in cell signaling and communication between cell parts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true for glycogen and starch?

<p>Both contain 1-4 glycosidic bonds only. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of lipids in cells?

<p>Operating as signaling molecules and structural components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glycosidic bonds are primarily found in cellulose?

<p>1-4 glycosidic bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water in Cells

Water makes up the majority of a cell's mass, about 70% or more.

Water's Polarity

The uneven distribution of charge in a water molecule, with the oxygen end slightly negative and the hydrogen ends slightly positive.

Hydrogen Bonds

Interactions between water molecules due to their polarity, where the slightly positive end attracts the slightly negative end.

Hydrophilic

Molecules that easily dissolve in water due to their attraction to water's polarity.

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Hydrophobic

Molecules that don't easily dissolve in water because they don't attract water's polarity.

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Simple Sugars: Cell Fuel

Simple sugars like glucose are the main fuel source for cells. Breaking them down provides energy and building blocks for cell components.

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Polysaccharides: Sugar Chains

Polysaccharides are long chains of sugars that act as storage units for energy or structural components within cells.

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Glycosidic Bond

A glycosidic bond is formed when two monosaccharides link together through a dehydration reaction, removing a water molecule.

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Oligosaccharides: Short Sugar Chains

Short chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides, playing a role in cell signaling and recognition.

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Glycogen vs. Starch

Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide used by animals to store excess glucose for energy, while starch is a similar storage form in plants.

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What is glucose?

A simple sugar with six carbon atoms (C₆H₁₂O₆), it exists in both linear and ring forms and is the primary energy source for many organisms.

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What are the anomeric forms of glucose?

The two forms of glucose's cyclic structure, differing in the orientation of the hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to carbon 1. Alpha (α) glucose has the -OH group below the plane of the ring, while beta (β) glucose has it above.

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What is glycogen?

A polysaccharide made entirely of glucose molecules linked together by glycosidic bonds. It is the primary energy storage form in animals.

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What is starch?

A polymer composed of glucose units, also found in plants as a primary energy storage form. It exists in two forms: amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched).

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What is a 1,4 glycosidic bond?

A type of glycosidic bond that links two glucose molecules together, primarily between carbon 1 of one glucose and carbon 4 of the next. This linkage is crucial for the structure of polysaccharides like glycogen and starch.

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What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are large, complex carbohydrates made up of chains of simple sugars (monosaccharides).

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How are glucose units linked in polysaccharides?

Glycosidic bonds link glucose units in glycogen and starch. In cellulose, the bonds are slightly different. Branching points in glycogen and amylopectin involve (1-6) bonds.

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What makes cellulose strong?

Cellulose forms long, straight chains that pack tightly, giving it a structural role like in plant cell walls.

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What is the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in cell signaling?

Beyond energy storage and structure, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides act as signals on cell surfaces. For example, oligosaccharides linked to proteins can indicate the protein's function or destination in the cell.

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What are the key functions of lipids in cells?

Lipids are a diverse group of molecules with three main functions in cells: energy storage, forming cell membranes, and acting as signaling molecules.

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Glycogen - What is it?

A type of polysaccharide formed by glucose molecules linked primarily by (1→4) glycosidic bonds. It's highly branched and serves as a storage form of glucose in animals.

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Starch - What is it?

A type of polysaccharide formed by glucose molecules linked primarily by (1→4) glycosidic bonds. It can be branched (amylopectin) or linear (amylose), and primarily functions as a storage form of glucose in plants.

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Cellulose - What is it?

A type of polysaccharide formed by glucose molecules linked by (1→4) glycosidic bonds. It is a linear, non-branched structure that provides structural support for plant cell walls.

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What is a (1→4) glycosidic bond?

A bond formed between two sugar molecules when a water molecule is removed, linking carbon 1 of one sugar to carbon 4 of the next.

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What is a (1→4) glycosidic bond?

The primary linkage that connects glucose molecules in polysaccharides; found in glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

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What are (1→6) glycosidic bonds?

These are found in glycogen and amylopectin, creating branching structures.

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How are glycosidic bonds broken?

This is known as hydrolysis, the reverse of dehydration synthesis.

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