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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation.
Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation.
- Continued ATP production by glycolysis (correct)
- Production of carbon dioxide
- Regeneration of NAD+ (correct)
- Breaking down fatty acids
What happens to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?
What happens to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?
It is stored in NADH and FADH2
What is likely to happen to an individual when they exhaust their ATP supply?
What is likely to happen to an individual when they exhaust their ATP supply?
Catabolic processes will be activated to generate additional ATP
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom in an oxidation reduction reaction, what happens to the glucose molecule?
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom in an oxidation reduction reaction, what happens to the glucose molecule?
What is the most important result of the process of cellular respiration in biological systems?
What is the most important result of the process of cellular respiration in biological systems?
Why may carbohydrates and fats be considered high energy foods?
Why may carbohydrates and fats be considered high energy foods?
What is correct about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain?
What is correct about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain?
Which metabolic process normally occurs in most cells regardless of oxygen availability?
Which metabolic process normally occurs in most cells regardless of oxygen availability?
Where is the energy released from the electron transport chain used to pump hydrogen ions?
Where is the energy released from the electron transport chain used to pump hydrogen ions?
What happens to the carbon in compounds that do not end up as CO2 during cellular respiration?
What happens to the carbon in compounds that do not end up as CO2 during cellular respiration?
How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration?
How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration?
What is a primary function of both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation?
What is a primary function of both alcohol and lactic acid fermentation?
What is the likely effect of removing oxygen from a facultative anaerobic organism's environment?
What is the likely effect of removing oxygen from a facultative anaerobic organism's environment?
Which process will be inhibited first when a cell is deprived of oxygen?
Which process will be inhibited first when a cell is deprived of oxygen?
Which metabolic processes take place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
Which metabolic processes take place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
Which molecule is the lowest energy donor of electrons to the electron transport chain?
Which molecule is the lowest energy donor of electrons to the electron transport chain?
Why is lactate used as an indicator of exercise capacity in endurance athletes?
Why is lactate used as an indicator of exercise capacity in endurance athletes?
What symptoms do dogs affected by canine phosphofructokinase deficiency display?
What symptoms do dogs affected by canine phosphofructokinase deficiency display?
How does ATP production change in healthy individuals during an eight-hour fast?
How does ATP production change in healthy individuals during an eight-hour fast?
Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, where is most of the energy originally stored in glucose?
Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, where is most of the energy originally stored in glucose?
In liver cells, why do mitochondria have increased surface area?
In liver cells, why do mitochondria have increased surface area?
What products result from the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
What products result from the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
Which process would reduce or eliminate the generation of a proton motive force in mitochondria?
Which process would reduce or eliminate the generation of a proton motive force in mitochondria?
Which molecules are generated through beta oxidation?
Which molecules are generated through beta oxidation?
What molecules are produced from glycolysis per glucose molecule?
What molecules are produced from glycolysis per glucose molecule?
What is a correct statement about cellular respiration?
What is a correct statement about cellular respiration?
Which process is driven by chemiosmosis?
Which process is driven by chemiosmosis?
What takes place in the electron transport chain?
What takes place in the electron transport chain?
Which statement about glycolysis is correct?
Which statement about glycolysis is correct?
What supports the claim that glycolysis is likely one of the first metabolic pathways?
What supports the claim that glycolysis is likely one of the first metabolic pathways?
What describes the results of the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy?
What describes the results of the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy?
What summarizes ATP use in glycolysis?
What summarizes ATP use in glycolysis?
What happens to the molecule of NAD+ when it gains a hydrogen atom?
What happens to the molecule of NAD+ when it gains a hydrogen atom?
Where do the electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration ultimately end up?
Where do the electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration ultimately end up?
What does the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation exemplify?
What does the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation exemplify?
Under what conditions does plant cell mitochondria actively oxidize pyruvate in oxidative phosphorylation?
Under what conditions does plant cell mitochondria actively oxidize pyruvate in oxidative phosphorylation?
What is correct about chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP?
What is correct about chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP?
What type of molecule can yeast cells with defective mitochondria use for energy?
What type of molecule can yeast cells with defective mitochondria use for energy?
What is the result of energy obtained by fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
What is the result of energy obtained by fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → lactate + NAD+, which molecule functions as the oxidizing agent?
In the reaction Pyruvate + NADH + H+ → lactate + NAD+, which molecule functions as the oxidizing agent?
What best describes the electron transport chain?
What best describes the electron transport chain?
What is an example of allosteric regulation in glycolysis?
What is an example of allosteric regulation in glycolysis?
What must be present after disrupting inner mitochondrial membranes for electron transfer and ATP synthesis?
What must be present after disrupting inner mitochondrial membranes for electron transfer and ATP synthesis?
What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Describe the path by which electrons move from high energy to lower energy molecules in aerobic respiration.
Describe the path by which electrons move from high energy to lower energy molecules in aerobic respiration.
What type of cells carry out ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis?
What type of cells carry out ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis?
How did a person on a strict diet and exercise regimen lose body fat?
How did a person on a strict diet and exercise regimen lose body fat?
What accurately describes the function of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
What accurately describes the function of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
What inhibits phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis?
What inhibits phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis?
How are fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA?
How are fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA?
What is consumed and produced in cellular respiration?
What is consumed and produced in cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Fermentation and Cellular Metabolism
- Fermentation's primary role is to regenerate NAD+, enabling glycolysis to continue ATP production.
- Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yield minimal ATP; most energy from glucose oxidation is stored in NADH and FADH2.
ATP Availability and Energy Production
- Eukaryotic cells store enough ATP for approximately 30 seconds of activity; after depletion, catabolic processes kick in to generate more ATP.
- The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration produces about 30-32 molecules of ATP.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Loss of a hydrogen atom from glucose in oxidation-reduction signifies the molecule is oxidized.
- Carbohydrates and fats serve as high-energy foods due to their electrons associated with hydrogen atoms.
Electron Transport Chain and Proton Motive Force
- The electron transport chain's redox reactions couple to proton movement across membranes.
- Energy released during the electron transport chain pumps hydrogen ions into the mitochondrial inter-membrane space.
Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis is universal and occurs regardless of oxygen presence, while fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation occur in specific scenarios.
- Not all carbons in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are converted to CO2; some serve as building blocks for complex molecules.
Fermentation Types and Processes
- Both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation focus on the oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
- In the absence of oxygen, yeast can ferment glucose, producing ATP, CO2, and ethanol.
Regulation and Inhibition in Metabolism
- High citric acid levels inhibit phosphofructokinase (PFK), a crucial glycolytic enzyme, showcasing allosteric regulation.
- The electron transport chain is characterized by a series of redox reactions, and its inhibition reduces proton motive force.
ATP Synthesis and Energy Sources
- ATP production occurs by chemiosmosis in all respiring cells using the energy from proton flow through ATP synthase.
- Mitochondrial membranes with increased surface area enhance oxidative phosphorylation efficiency.
Pyruvate Processing
- Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, resulting in NADH and CO2 production.
Conditions Affecting Cellular Respiration
- Removal of oxygen from facultative anaerobes increases glucose consumption but decreases growth rates.
- During an eight-hour fast, ATP production changes little in healthy individuals.
Impacts of External Conditions
- Lactate levels increase during anaerobic exercise, signaling the need for energy, but fatigue occurs if anaerobic conditions persist.
- Mitochondria can convert fatty acids and amino acids to produce energy when glucose is not available.
Cellular Energy Yield from Metabolic Pathways
- Glycolysis produces 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP from one glucose molecule.
- In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
Energy and Nutrients in Metabolism
- The majority of fatty acids are catabolized into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle for further metabolization.
Biological Energy Transformation
- Glucose is oxidized, and O2 is reduced during cellular respiration, emphasizing the transformation of energy for cellular work.
- The synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation exemplifies coupling endergonic reactions with exergonic reactions.
Metabolic Products and Weight Loss
- During weight loss, fat is predominantly released as CO2 and H2O.
- Each metabolic pathway plays distinct roles, with glycolysis initiating catabolism by converting glucose to pyruvate and yielding ATP.
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