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Questions and Answers
What is the atomic number an indicator of?
What is the atomic number an indicator of?
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of electrons.
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of electrons.
False
How many protons are present in a carbon atom?
How many protons are present in a carbon atom?
6
The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and __________.
The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and __________.
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Match each isotope of carbon with its number of neutrons:
Match each isotope of carbon with its number of neutrons:
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Which of the following elements does not occur naturally as a single atom?
Which of the following elements does not occur naturally as a single atom?
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What are the three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon?
What are the three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon?
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The atomic masses of some elements are whole numbers.
The atomic masses of some elements are whole numbers.
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Which of the following elements makes up roughly 99 percent of the mass of most cells?
Which of the following elements makes up roughly 99 percent of the mass of most cells?
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Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to six other atoms.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with up to six other atoms.
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What term is used to describe molecules that contain carbon?
What term is used to describe molecules that contain carbon?
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Water is classified as an ______ compound.
Water is classified as an ______ compound.
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What role does carbon play in the diversity of life?
What role does carbon play in the diversity of life?
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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All organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms.
All organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms.
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List one example of an inorganic compound.
List one example of an inorganic compound.
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What is the molecular formula for ethane?
What is the molecular formula for ethane?
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Benzene is a simple organic molecule containing only carbon and oxygen.
Benzene is a simple organic molecule containing only carbon and oxygen.
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What are hydrocarbons primarily used for?
What are hydrocarbons primarily used for?
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The molecular formula for methane is ______.
The molecular formula for methane is ______.
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Which structure represents the simplest tetrahedral geometry?
Which structure represents the simplest tetrahedral geometry?
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Match the following hydrocarbons with their molecular formulas:
Match the following hydrocarbons with their molecular formulas:
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Hydrocarbons are components of living systems.
Hydrocarbons are components of living systems.
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What is the structural formula of benzene represented as?
What is the structural formula of benzene represented as?
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What happens when a chlorine atom gains an electron?
What happens when a chlorine atom gains an electron?
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Sodium chloride is formed when sodium reacts with chlorine.
Sodium chloride is formed when sodium reacts with chlorine.
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How many protons does a chloride ion have?
How many protons does a chloride ion have?
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When sodium reacts with chlorine, sodium chloride is formed, represented as ______.
When sodium reacts with chlorine, sodium chloride is formed, represented as ______.
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What is the role of ATP in living cells?
What is the role of ATP in living cells?
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Biologists are primarily concerned with the study of individual atoms.
Biologists are primarily concerned with the study of individual atoms.
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What is true about the arrangement of ions in a sodium chloride crystal?
What is true about the arrangement of ions in a sodium chloride crystal?
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Match the following ions with their characteristics:
Match the following ions with their characteristics:
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What is formed when bonds are created between atoms?
What is formed when bonds are created between atoms?
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An atom becomes negatively charged when it loses an electron.
An atom becomes negatively charged when it loses an electron.
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In cellular processes, __________ are involved in building and breaking down molecules.
In cellular processes, __________ are involved in building and breaking down molecules.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What charge does a chloride ion have?
What charge does a chloride ion have?
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Why are large molecules essential for life?
Why are large molecules essential for life?
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Chemical reactions in cells occur only during specific times and not continuously.
Chemical reactions in cells occur only during specific times and not continuously.
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What must be known to understand biochemical processes within living organisms?
What must be known to understand biochemical processes within living organisms?
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What group did biologists refer to in relation to amino acids?
What group did biologists refer to in relation to amino acids?
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Thalidomide was initially found to be a safe drug for use during pregnancy.
Thalidomide was initially found to be a safe drug for use during pregnancy.
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What two groups are bonded to the central carbon of an amino acid?
What two groups are bonded to the central carbon of an amino acid?
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Thalidomide is primarily used to treat __________.
Thalidomide is primarily used to treat __________.
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Match the following effects of thalidomide with their descriptions:
Match the following effects of thalidomide with their descriptions:
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What led to the banning of thalidomide in 1964?
What led to the banning of thalidomide in 1964?
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Thalidomide has only negative effects on the human body.
Thalidomide has only negative effects on the human body.
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What is the significance of the R-group in an amino acid?
What is the significance of the R-group in an amino acid?
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Study Notes
Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life
- Biochemical processes involve millions of chemical reactions per second in cells, involving material transport, waste removal, and structural formation.
- Metabolic processes involve electron interactions and bond formation/breaking to create or break down molecules.
- Atoms combine to form molecules essential for life functions.
- Elements like phosphorus and sulfur exist as molecules with more than two atoms.
- Atomic number is the number of protons and is specific to each element.
- Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are isotopes. Carbon-12, Carbon-13, and Carbon-14 are examples of carbon isotopes. They have the same number of protons (6) but different numbers of neutrons (6, 7, and 8 respectively).
- Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
- Atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons, thus no overall charge (neutral).
- Isotopes have different mass numbers.
- Atomic masses of elements prevalent in living organisms are presented in Table 1.1.
- An atom gains or loses electrons to become an ion (e.g., Cl- for chlorine and Na+ for sodium).
- Ionic bonds form when oppositely charged ions attract (e.g., sodium chloride (NaCl)).
- An ionic bond arrangement forms a three-dimensional lattice in compounds like sodium chloride.
Chapter 2: Enzymes and Energy
- This chapter explores how cell biology relates to lifestyle.
Chapter 3: Cellular Energy
- This chapter examines how organisms acquire energy for life processes.
Unit Investigation
- Unit investigation materials can be planned in advance.
- Students should look ahead to pages 98-99 for investigation details.
- Ideas and materials from the unit can be incorporated into experimental designs.
Biological Macromolecules and Their Subunits
- Organic compounds are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and often oxygen.
- Pure carbon and carbon compounds without hydrogen (e.g., CO2, CaCO3) are considered inorganic.
- Many organic compounds contain hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
- Water (an inorganic compound) is crucial for dissolving and transporting substances within and between cells.
- Carbon's ability to bond with other carbon atoms creates different structures (straight chains, branched chains, and rings).
- Hydrocarbons are examples of carbon compounds, but not part of living systems. Methane, ethane, and benzene are simple examples.
- Macromolecules are formed from smaller subunits (e.g. amino acids form proteins)
- Functional groups influence molecule properties.
- Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures.
Thalidomide Dilemma
- Thalidomide, a drug once used as a sleeping pill and morning sickness remedy, caused birth defects in children of mothers who took it.
- Tests showed thalidomide to be non-toxic.
- The drug was banned in 1964.
- Thalidomide has other effects, including anti-inflammatory properties and moderation of immune system reactions.
- It's now used to treat leprosy, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, conditions associated with AIDS, and other diseases.
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a chemical used by blood cells for immune response.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of life at a molecular level in this quiz on biochemistry. Understand the roles of atoms and molecules in biochemical processes, metabolic interactions, and the significance of isotopes. Test your knowledge on how chemical reactions are essential for life.
