Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?
Which monosaccharide is the sweetest?
What type of bond is formed when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?
Which disaccharide is commonly known as table sugar?
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Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
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Which of the following is an example of a structural polysaccharide?
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Which of the following elements is NOT one of the four most abundant elements in living organisms?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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What is the percentage of oxygen in living organisms?
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What is the primary source of energy for living organisms?
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What is the general term for carbohydrates?
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What is the name of the sugar obtained from milk?
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What is the name of the sugar used in brewing beer?
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What is the percentage of carbon in living organisms?
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What is the term for the process of combining smaller molecules to form larger molecules?
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What is the name of the most common disaccharide?
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What is the term for the bond formed between two monosaccharides?
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What is the percentage of nitrogen in living organisms?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Overview
- Only 27 chemical elements are essential for life.
- Four most abundant elements in Earth's crust: Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminium, Iron.
- Four most abundant elements in living organisms: Carbon (9.5%), Hydrogen (25.2%), Oxygen (63.0%), Nitrogen (1.4%).
Biomolecules / Organic Compounds
- Large molecules providing structural components and building blocks of life.
- Formed by polymerization, where smaller molecules (monomers) connect in chainlike structures.
- Major types include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Carbohydrates (C, H, O)
- Also known as saccharides or carbs, they serve as primary energy sources.
- General formula: Cn(H2O)n.
- Names typically end in -ose.
Classifications of Carbohydrates
-
Monosaccharides: Basic sugars, smallest carbohydrate units.
- Glucose: Most common, the sole sugar utilized for energy.
- Galactose: Derived from milk.
- Fructose: Fruit sugar, the sweetest sugar.
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Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose): Common table sugar, the most prevalent disaccharide.
- Lactose (glucose + galactose): Known as milk sugar, first carbohydrate for newborn mammals.
- Maltose (glucose + glucose): Malt sugar, important in brewing beer.
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Polysaccharides: Large polymers of sugars bonded by glycosidic links, can be structural or storage.
-
Structural Polysaccharides:
- Cellulose: Most abundant organic molecule on Earth; main cell wall component in plants. Ruminants possess microbes to digest cellulose.
- Chitin: Constitutes the hard covering of insects and shellfish; found in fungal cell walls.
-
Storage Polysaccharides:
- Starch: Primary energy storage molecule in plants.
- Glycogen: Animal starch for storing excess sugar in animals.
-
Biochemistry Overview
- Only 27 chemical elements are essential for life.
- Four most abundant elements in Earth's crust: Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminium, Iron.
- Four most abundant elements in living organisms: Carbon (9.5%), Hydrogen (25.2%), Oxygen (63.0%), Nitrogen (1.4%).
Biomolecules / Organic Compounds
- Large molecules providing structural components and building blocks of life.
- Formed by polymerization, where smaller molecules (monomers) connect in chainlike structures.
- Major types include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Carbohydrates (C, H, O)
- Also known as saccharides or carbs, they serve as primary energy sources.
- General formula: Cn(H2O)n.
- Names typically end in -ose.
Classifications of Carbohydrates
-
Monosaccharides: Basic sugars, smallest carbohydrate units.
- Glucose: Most common, the sole sugar utilized for energy.
- Galactose: Derived from milk.
- Fructose: Fruit sugar, the sweetest sugar.
-
Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Sucrose (glucose + fructose): Common table sugar, the most prevalent disaccharide.
- Lactose (glucose + galactose): Known as milk sugar, first carbohydrate for newborn mammals.
- Maltose (glucose + glucose): Malt sugar, important in brewing beer.
-
Polysaccharides: Large polymers of sugars bonded by glycosidic links, can be structural or storage.
-
Structural Polysaccharides:
- Cellulose: Most abundant organic molecule on Earth; main cell wall component in plants. Ruminants possess microbes to digest cellulose.
- Chitin: Constitutes the hard covering of insects and shellfish; found in fungal cell walls.
-
Storage Polysaccharides:
- Starch: Primary energy storage molecule in plants.
- Glycogen: Animal starch for storing excess sugar in animals.
-
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Description
Learn about the essential chemical elements for life, abundant elements in Earth's crust and living organisms, and biomolecules that form the building blocks of life.
