Biochemistry and Ketones Quiz

Biochemistry Course: Lecture 1 - Functional Groups

• The lecture covers functional groups, their structures, reactions, and their role in medicine.
• The presenter is Dr. Shona Pedersen, an associate professor in biochemistry at Qatar University.

Learning Styles

• Understand your learning style (visual, kinesthetic, auditory) to tailor note-taking.
• Prepare notes according to your learning style.
• Review your notes the same day as the lecture.
• Review notes again within 2-3 days and before the next lecture.

What is Biochemistry?

• Biochemistry bridges the gap between biology and chemistry.
• Biochemistry studies the chemical processes that happen in living organisms.
• It uses knowledge from chemistry to understand biological processes.
• The components of living things are: life, organisms, cells, reactions, molecules, and atoms.

Importance of Biochemistry in Medicine

• Biochemistry is crucial to medicine, as advancements in the field are related to understanding biochemical changes.
• Biochemical changes in the body, caused by infection or disease, are studied to diagnose and treat patients.

Levels of Understanding in Biochemistry (BIOM201)

• The course covers biochemistry from basic to advanced levels.
• Examples illustrate different levels of understanding
• Basic examples: Chemistry of main molecules of life
• Intermediate examples: Main biochemical reactions in the human cell
• Advanced examples: Electron tunneling in the respiratory chain

Nobel Prize Chemists

• Professor Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson: Nobel Prize 1973 for Organometallic Catalysis ('Wilkinson catalyst').
• Professor Sir Derek Barton: Nobel Prize 1969 for 3D conformation of organic molecules ('Barton reaction').

Cells

• Cells are composed of peptides, proteins, sugars & carbohydrates, lipids & fats, nucleic acids (DNA & RNA), and metabolites.
• Carbon is the most common element in major macromolecules in a cell, making up about 18.5% of human atoms.

Hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbons (HCs) consist solely of carbon and hydrogen.
• Many organic molecules, such as fats, contain hydrocarbon components.
• HCs undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy.
• HCs are classified into alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics.
• Alkanes have only single bonds. Alkenes have at least one double bond, and alkynes have at least one triple bond.

IUPAC

• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) provides a system for uniformly naming organic compounds.
• This system ensures uniqueness and unambiguous naming of organic compounds to avoid confusion or errors.
• Prefixes (e.g., meth-, eth-, prop-) are used to indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain of an alkane.

Aldehydes and Ketones, Alcohols and Phenols

• The lecture covers the structure, function, and importance of these functional groups in biochemistry and medicine.
• Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O).
• Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH). Phenols have a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring.
• Different structures and reactions are discussed from simple to more complex structures, particularly in relation to drugs and their naming systems.

Aldehydes (-al)

• Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl group.
• Various examples and IUPAC nomenclature (including double bonds and substituents) are provided.
• Medical and biomedical uses (e.g., as solvents, perfume ingredients, dyes, preservatives, and in physiological processes like vision) are mentioned.

Ketones (-one)

• Ketones have two carbon atoms attached to the carbonyl group and no hydrogens.
• Examples and IUPAC nomenclature (including double bonds and substituents) are discussed.
• Medical and biomedical applications—including their presence in the human body (e.g., hormones, skin treatments) and potential medical implications—are described.

Alcohols

• Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH), and have various types of structures (e.g., simple to those with multiple hydroxyl groups).
• Naming and IUPAC conventions for alcohols are covered, including cases with multiple hydroxyl groups (e.g., ethylene glycol, glycerol).
• Chemical reactions and medical uses (e.g., solvents, antifreeze, and components of pharmaceuticals) are included.

Phenols

• Phenols contain a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring.
• Properties (e.g., polarity, solubility) and medical/biological applications (e.g., disinfectants) are outlined.

Reactions of Aldehydes, Ketones, Alcohols, and Other Functional Groups

• Oxidation and reduction reactions are fundamental in the study of these compounds.
• Oxidation leads to an increase in oxygen atoms or a loss of hydrogen atoms, whereas reduction is the opposite.
• Chemical reactions of these groups are studied to understand their processes and functions.

Importance of Learning Functional Groups

• Understanding functional groups is vital in organic chemistry and biochemistry.
• This knowledge is essential to classify compounds, predict their properties and behaviour, and explain their role in various biological and chemical processes.

Additional Information

• The different ways compounds react with each other.
• Types of reactions for aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and phenols, like esterification.