Biochemistry and Genetics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about the HBB gene mutation?

  • It is an integral component of coenzyme A, essential for the TCA cycle and fatty acid metabolism.
  • It can cause aberrant splicing of pre-mRNA, leading to reduced levels of functional beta-globin protein and anemia. (correct)
  • It leads to elevated levels of HbF and detectable HbA1 in a specific form of B-thalassemia.
  • It is involved in the production of prostaglandins.

    • What is the function of telomeres?

  • They contribute to the stability of the triple helix structure of collagen chains.
  • They are essential for the TCA cycle and fatty acid metabolism.
  • They are involved in the production of prostaglandins.
  • They are specialized structures at chromosome ends, maintained by telomerase to protect DNA from degradation during replication. (correct)

    • What is the primary composition of collagen chains?

  • Tyrosine and tryptophan, crucial for signal transduction.
  • Glutamine and asparagine, essential for protein synthesis.
  • Proline and glycine, contributing to the stability of the triple helix structure. (correct)
  • Adenine and thymine, forming the base pairs of DNA.

    • What is the role of aspirin and ibuprofen?

    <p>They are inhibitors of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), involved in the production of prostaglandins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anomeric carbon in carbohydrates?

    <p>It undergoes rotation during the ring-opening and closing process in carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common theme in DNA binding proteins' structure?

    <p>The presence of a specific helix lying across the major groove of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid side chains can be phosphorylated by protein kinases?

    <p>Serine, threonine, tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of elevated serum amylase and lipase levels in a 48-year-old man with acute abdominal pain?

    <p>Acute pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme kinetics are common for multimeric enzymes, showing cooperative binding of substrates and allosteric modulation?

    <p>Sigmoidal kinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method cannot detect fructose as a reducing sugar?

    <p>Clinitest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amino acids are more likely to be exposed to water in a folded protein structure?

    <p>Polar amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of fetal warfarin syndrome in children of mothers taking warfarin during pregnancy?

    <p>Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of retinal, a form of vitamin A?

    <p>Vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is involved in the conversion of B-carotene to retinal in the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Carotene dioxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein modification is phosphorylation?

    <p>Reversible post-translational modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do non-polar amino acids usually form a cluster in a helical protein?

    <p>In the middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amino acids are more likely to be found in the interior of a folded protein?

    <p>Non-polar amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prosthetic group of rhodopsin?

    <p>Retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between two sugar molecules through the reaction between the anomeric carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of another sugar?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common structural motif found in many DNA binding proteins, involved in the recognition and binding of specific DNA sequences?

    <p>Helix-turn-helix (HTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds do DNA binding proteins form with DNA?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds with the nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for removing the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues, thus reversing the effects of kinases?

    <p>Phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do synthetases catalyze by joining two substrates using ATP?

    <p>Ligation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major attractive force between DNA and proteins, allowing the formation of specific types of DNA-protein complexes during the cell cycle?

    <p>Electrostatic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transports retinol to the liver after processing by the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme hydrolyzes glycosidic bonds, which are covalent bonds that link a sugar molecule to another molecule?

    <p>a-glycosidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for cleaving B-carotene in the intestinal mucosa, yielding retinal?

    <p>Beta-carotene dioxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can phosphorylation of specific amino acid residues in proteins do to the function of enzymes, membrane transporters, and other proteins?

    <p>Activate or deactivate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible configurations (R and S) do chiral carbon atoms in sugars have?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism for regulating cellular signaling pathways and controlling various cellular processes such as metabolism, growth, and differentiation?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids can be ionizable in water due to certain side chains or carboxyl groups?

    <p>Polar amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary protein structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin?

    <p>Alpha helices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coenzyme is required for the action of pyruvate carboxylase?

    <p>Biotin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gene mutations lead to Wilson's disease?

    <p>ATP7B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the genetic code?

    <p>Universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are enzymes effective catalysts?

    <p>They decrease the free energy of activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alpha-1-antitrypsin?

    <p>Inhibiting neutrophil elastase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do enzymes catalyze reactions that would not occur at all?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do enzymes affect the equilibrium point of reactions?

    <p>Do not affect it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change do enzymes bring to the rate of both forward and reverse reactions?

    <p>Increase the rate of both equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does alpha-1-antitrypsin compromise in the alpha1-globulin fraction of normal serum?

    <p>More than 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is alpha-1-antitrypsin involved in the formation of elastin cross-links?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is considered hydrophobic at physiological pH of 7.4?

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In B-thalassemia, patients with significantly reduced levels of B-globin transcripts and elevated levels of HbF exhibit no detectable HbA1 due to:

    <p>Splicing alteration of the B-globin mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acid side chains may be considered as hydrophobic at physiological pH of 7.4?

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In B-thalassemia, patients with significantly reduced levels of B-globin transcripts and elevated levels of HbF exhibit no detectable HbA1 due to:

    <p>Splicing alteration of the B-globin mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mechanism for regulating cellular signaling pathways and controlling various cellular processes such as metabolism, growth, and differentiation?

    <p>Covalent modification of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major attractive force between DNA and proteins, allowing the formation of specific types of DNA-protein complexes during the cell cycle?

    <p>Ionic bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acid side chains may be considered as hydrophobic at physiological pH of 7.4?

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In B-thalassemia, patients with significantly reduced levels of B-globin transcripts and elevated levels of HbF and no detectable HbA1 exhibit these observations due to:

    <p>Splicing alteration of the B-globin mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forms of amino acid side chains can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules?

    <p>Serine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hemoglobin, which amino acid is responsible for the nonpolar side chain that is hydrophobic?

    <p>Leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry and Genetics Summary

    • Polar amino acids with certain side chains or carboxyl groups can be ionizable in water.
    • Hemoglobin and myoglobin primarily consist of alpha helices, a common secondary protein structure.
    • Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency requires biotin as a coenzyme for its action.
    • Wilson's disease is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene and leads to copper accumulation in the body.
    • The genetic code is degenerate, unambiguous, nonoverlapping, without punctuation, and universal.
    • Enzymes are effective catalysts because they decrease the free energy of activation of reactants.
    • Alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibits neutrophil elastase and is involved in elastin biosynthesis.
    • Enzymes do not catalyze reactions that would not occur at all or shift the equilibrium of reactions toward more complete conversion to product.
    • Enzymes increase the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, without affecting the equilibrium point of the reaction.
    • Enzymes do not affect the standard free energy change (∆G 0) of reactions, only reducing the activation energy of the reaction.
    • Alpha-1-antitrypsin compromises more than 90% of the alpha1-globulin fraction of normal serum and is mainly produced in the liver.
    • Alpha-1-antitrypsin inhibits N- or C-terminal procollagen peptidases and is not involved in the formation of elastin cross-links.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of biochemistry and genetics with this quiz. From amino acid properties to genetic disorders and enzyme functions, this quiz covers essential concepts in biochemistry and genetics.

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