Biochemistry and Cellular Foundations
70 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

When was the term 'biochemistry' coined?

  • 1800
  • 1883
  • 1828
  • 1870s (correct)

    • Who discovered the first enzyme?

  • Laccase
  • Diastase
  • Wilhelm Kühne (correct)
  • Friedrich Wöhler

    • What did Friedrich Wöhler's 1828 paper prove?

  • Organic compounds cannot be synthesized
  • Urea is a natural compound
  • Organic compounds can be created artificially (correct)
  • Inorganic compounds can be created artificially

    • In what year was laccase discovered?

    <p>1883</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate concern of biochemistry?

    <p>The wonder of life itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the free-energy change equation, based on the given text?

    <p>$∆G = ∆H - T∆S$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions do spontaneous reactions occur?

    <p>When $∆G$ is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reactions are often coupled to reactions that release free energy?

    <p>Endergonic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central issue in bioenergetics, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Means by which energy is coupled to a cell’s energy requiring reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the free-energy change for reaction 2, based on the text?

    <p>Negative; $∆G2$ is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biomolecule serves as energy-rich fuel stores, rigid structural components, and extracellular recognition elements?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isomers have distinct biological roles despite their similar chemical makeup?

    <p>Geometric isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central element in biomolecules, forming stable single bonds with up to four other carbon atoms?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macromolecule represents the sum of all proteins in a cell?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which small molecules are contained in cells and are universal, including amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, and carboxylic acids?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has an outer membrane composed of a lipid bilayer?

    <p>Aerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelles are found in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Vacuoles and actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves disrupting cells and centrifuging the homogenate to isolate organelles enriched in specific enzymes?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides structure and organization to the cell?

    <p>Supramolecular complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the understanding that all organisms share a common evolutionary origin?

    <p>The lightest elements forming the strongest bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stereoisomers can a molecule with 3 chiral centers have?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor considered in the RS system for naming stereoisomers?

    <p>Priority of groups attached to the chiral carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of enzymes and proteins allows biological systems to distinguish between stereoisomers?

    <p>Stereochemical specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the first law of thermodynamics, what happens to the total energy in the universe?

    <p>Remains constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key factors in energy transformations according to the text?

    <p>Free energy, enthalpy, and entropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the technique for making monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Cesar Milstein, Georges Kohler, and Niels Kai Jerne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Eduard Buchner's milestone achievement in 1896?

    <p>Demonstration of alcoholic fermentation in yeast cell extracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the double helical structure of DNA?

    <p>James Watson and Francis Crick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what discovery did Daniel Bovet receive the Nobel Prize?

    <p>Developing antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What milestone was reported in 1997?

    <p>First complete nucleotide sequence of a eukaryote's chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What milestone achievement was reported in 1997?

    <p>Discovery of the double helical structure of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Friedrich Wöhler's 1828 paper prove?

    <p>Organic compounds can be created artificially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was laccase discovered?

    <p>1883</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate concern of biochemistry?

    <p>The wonder of life itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the term 'biochemistry' coined?

    <p>1870s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of stereoisomers a molecule with 3 chiral centers can have?

    <p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property allows biological systems to distinguish between stereoisomers?

    <p>Enzymatic specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law of thermodynamics emphasizes the constant increase in randomness?

    <p>Second law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the system of assigning priority to groups attached to a chiral carbon for naming stereoisomers?

    <p>RS system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isomers have nearly identical chemical reactivities but differ in optical activity?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the first restriction enzyme?

    <p>Hamilton Smith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What milestone was reported in 1997?

    <p>First complete nucleotide sequence of a eukaryote's chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed the technique for making monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Cesar Milstein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what discovery did Daniel Bovet receive the Nobel Prize?

    <p>Developing antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eduard Buchner demonstrate in 1896?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation in yeast cell extracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the free-energy change equation, what does a negative value of ∆G indicate?

    <p>The reaction is spontaneous and releases free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reactions are often coupled to reactions that release free energy?

    <p>Endergonic (energy-requiring) reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of bioenergetics, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Coupling energy from fuel metabolism to energy-requiring reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the free-energy change for reaction 1, based on the text?

    <p>$∆G_1$ is positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation $∆G = ∆H - T∆S$ indicate about the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and free energy change?

    <p>Enthalpy and entropy both contribute to the free-energy change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds can carbon form, and what is the extent of rotation around each type of bond?

    <p>Covalent single, double, and triple bonds; free rotation around single bonds and limited rotation around double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major constituents of cells, and what are the functions of proteins within cells?

    <p>Macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides; functioning as enzymes, structural elements, and more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nucleic acids store and transmit, and what are the roles of some RNA molecules?

    <p>Genetic information; structural and catalytic roles in supramolecular complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of polysaccharides and lipids in cells?

    <p>Polysaccharides serve as energy-rich fuel stores, rigid structural components, and extracellular recognition elements; lipids function as structural components of membranes and energy-rich fuel stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stereochemistry play in the interaction between biomolecules?

    <p>Stereochemistry plays a crucial role in the interaction between biomolecules, describing three-dimensional structure in biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements make up more than 99% of the mass of most cells?

    <p>Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor considered in the RS system for naming stereoisomers?

    <p>The spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around a chiral center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do supramolecular complexes primarily rely on to hold together?

    <p>Noncovalent interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that involves disrupting cells and centrifuging the homogenate to isolate organelles enriched in specific enzymes?

    <p>Subcellular fractionation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelles are responsible for segregating metabolic processes and facilitating transport mechanisms like exocytosis and endocytosis?

    <p>The endomembrane system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell envelopes?

    <p>Aerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Segregates metabolic processes and facilitates transport mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the dynamic cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>Provides structure and organization to the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interactions primarily hold supramolecular complexes together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does subcellular fractionation involve?

    <p>Disrupting cells and centrifuging the homogenate to isolate organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacterial types has an outer membrane composed of a lipid bilayer?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides structure and organization to the eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves disrupting cells and centrifuging the homogenate to isolate organelles enriched in specific enzymes?

    <p>Subcellular fractionation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds supramolecular complexes together by noncovalent interactions, producing unique structures?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cells use to create polymeric machines, supramolecular structures, and information repositories?

    <p>A diverse set of carbon-based metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Milestones in Biochemistry and Cellular Foundations

    • 1896: Eduard Buchner demonstrates alcoholic fermentation in yeast cell extracts, marking the first complex biochemical process outside of a cell.
    • 1953: James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helical structure of DNA.
    • 1953: Hans Adolf Krebs discovers the biochemical steps of the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism.
    • 1957: Daniel Bovet receives Nobel Prize for developing antihistamines.
    • 1959: Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg receive Nobel Prize for discoveries on DNA and RNA synthesis.
    • 1970: Hamilton Smith reports the discovery of the first restriction enzyme.
    • 1975: Cesar Milstein, Georges Kohler, and Niels Kai Jerne develop the technique for making monoclonal antibodies.
    • 1995: FDA approves the first protease inhibitor for AIDS treatment.
    • 1997: First complete nucleotide sequence of a eukaryote's chromosomes (yeast) reported.
    • 2001: NIH-funded human fetal ventral mesencephalic transplant clinical trials yield negative results.
    • Principles 1 and 2: Cells are the fundamental unit of life and use a small set of metabolites to create structures and information repositories.
    • Principle 3 and 4: Living organisms are in a dynamic steady state, not at equilibrium, and extract energy from their surroundings to maintain homeostasis.

    Key Concepts in Biochemistry

    • Trace elements, essential to life, are vital for the function of specific proteins and enzymes.
    • Carbon is the central element in biomolecules, forming stable single bonds with up to four other carbon atoms.
    • Carbon can form covalent single, double, and triple bonds, with the ability for free rotation around single bonds and limited rotation around double bonds.
    • Biomolecules are derivatives of hydrocarbons with functional groups such as alcohols, amines, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, each conferring specific chemical properties.
    • Many biomolecules are polyfunctional, containing multiple types of functional groups, determining the compound's chemical characteristics and reactions.
    • Cells contain a universal set of small molecules, including amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, and carboxylic acids, with secondary metabolites being specific to the organism.
    • Macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, are the major constituents of cells, with proteins also functioning as enzymes, structural elements, and more.
    • Proteins, nucleic acids, and some oligosaccharides serve as informational macromolecules, with the proteome representing the sum of all proteins in a cell.
    • Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information, while some RNA molecules have structural and catalytic roles in supramolecular complexes.
    • Polysaccharides serve as energy-rich fuel stores, rigid structural components, and extracellular recognition elements, while lipids function as structural components of membranes and energy-rich fuel stores.
    • Three-dimensional structure in biochemistry is described by configuration and conformation, with stereochemistry playing a crucial role in the interaction between biomolecules.
    • Geometric isomers, or cis-trans isomers, have distinct biological roles despite their similar chemical makeup, exemplified by the visual pigment in the vertebrate eye, rhodopsin, containing retinal, a vitamin A–derived lipid.

    Cellular Diversity and Organization

    • Organisms are distinguished by their habitats and sources of energy, such as aerobic, anaerobic, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes.
    • Bacteria and Archaea share common features but differ in their cell envelopes, with Gram-positive bacteria having a thick peptidoglycan layer and Gram-negative bacteria having an outer membrane composed of a lipid bilayer.
    • Eukaryotic cells contain various membranous organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complexes, peroxisomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and chloroplasts.
    • Subcellular fractionation involves disrupting cells and centrifuging the homogenate to isolate organelles enriched in specific enzymes, aiding in enzyme purification.
    • The cytoplasm is organized by the dynamic cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, which provide structure and organization to the cell.
    • The endomembrane system segregates metabolic processes and facilitates transport mechanisms like exocytosis and endocytosis.
    • Supramolecular complexes are held together by noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, van der Waals interactions, and the hydrophobic effect, producing unique structures.
    • Studying isolated cellular components in vitro may overlook important interactions that occur in living cells, as molecules may behave differently in vivo and in vitro.
    • Cells use a relatively small set of carbon-based metabolites to create polymeric machines, supramolecular structures, and information repositories.
    • The observed universality of chemical intermediates and transformations supports the understanding that all organisms share a common evolutionary origin.
    • The four most abundant elements in living organisms are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, which make up more than 99% of the mass of most cells, due to their ability to efficiently form strong bonds.
    • The lightest elements form the strongest bonds, and the biochemical unity is based on the shared evolutionary origin of organisms.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Week 1-Introduction to Biochemistry PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of key milestones in biochemistry and cellular foundations with this quiz. From the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA to the development of monoclonal antibodies, explore important events that have shaped our understanding of cellular processes and biochemical pathways.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser