50 Questions
Which type of fatty acids contain one or more double bonds?
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
What is the position of a double bond in a fatty acid designated by?
The number of the carbon in the double bond closest to the carboxyl group
What contributes to the fluidity of cellular membranes?
Fatty acids with many double bonds
What is the common name for a fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms?
Stearic acid
What is the correct designation for oleic acid?
18:1, Δ9
Which fatty acid is an ω-6 fatty acid?
Arachidonic acid
What type of fatty acids are derived from eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
What is the characteristic of most naturally occurring fatty acids?
They have cis double bonds
Which type of fatty acid is palmitoleic acid?
16:1, Δ9 fatty acid and an ω-7 fatty acid
What are acylglycerols composed of?
Glycerol and one or more fatty acids attached through ester linkages
What is the characteristic of triacylglycerols?
They rarely contain the same fatty acid at all three positions
Where are fatty acids esterified in phosphoacylglycerols?
Positions 1 and 2 of glycerol
What is another name for phosphatidylcholine?
Lecithin
What has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, leading to FDA labeling mandates and bans in certain localities?
Trans fatty acids
What are sphingolipids formed from?
Sphingosine
Which molecule property do hydroxyl groups create?
Hydrophilic surface
What is the result of hydroxyl radical taking one electron from a compound?
Creation of a new radical with a single unpaired electron
What are reactive oxygen and nitrogen-containing free radicals agents of?
Cell death and destruction
What leads to joint inflammation in conditions like gouty arthritis?
Crystals of the Na+ salt of uric acid in joint spaces
What are free radicals involved in?
Chronic diseases
What does an elevated anion gap reflect?
Presence of unknown anions
How can diabetic patients self-monitor blood glucose levels?
Using enzyme-impregnated plastic strips and blood glucose monitors
What may DDT accumulation in adipose tissue be protective against?
Reaching neurons in the brain
What adverse health effects are PCBs linked to?
Cancer and disorders of various systems
What are dioxins associated with?
Thymic atrophy, neoplasia, and adverse reproductive effects
What do genetically engineered bacteria offer a promising approach to remove from the environment?
Polychlorinated derivatives
What is the precursor for steroid hormones and is converted to water-soluble bile salts like cholic acid in the body?
Cholesterol
Which compound contains sphingosine and different groups added to form various compounds?
Sphingolipids
What are used to synthesize cholesterol, coenzyme Q, and vitamin A in humans?
Isoprenyl units
Which component of nitrogen-containing rings can shift to produce tautomers, considered the same compound but with different reactivity?
Hydrogen
What serves as the precursors of nitrogen-containing compounds in the body and serves as the basis of most human amino acid metabolism?
Amino acids
Which compounds are derivatives of ceramide and contain sphingosine and different groups added to form various compounds?
Sphingolipids
What is a component of purines, pyrimidines, and pyridines, which are common in the body and have specific functions?
Nitrogen
What are compounds with a single electron, and free radicals are those that exist independently in a solution or lipid environment?
Radicals
What are water-insoluble due to their composition, while cholic acid contains hydrophilic groups making it water-soluble?
Cholesterol and estradiol
What plays essential roles in various biochemical processes in the human body?
The structure and properties of nitrogen-containing compounds
What is a component of purines, pyrimidines, and pyridines, which are common in the body and have specific functions?
Nitrogen
What is the average half-life of dioxins in the human body?
5 to 15 years
What are used to associate with cellular membranes by being covalently attached to proteins?
Geranyl and farnesyl groups
What is the main route of excretion for dioxins in the human body?
Slow excretion in bile and feces
Which compound is noted as one of the most toxic and extensively studied among chlorinated hydrocarbons?
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
What is the major lipid noted for its structural diversity and hydrophobic nature?
Fatty acids
What is the precursor for molecules containing the steroid nucleus, such as bile salts and steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
What is gout characterized by?
Buildup of uric acid in the blood and precipitates of urate crystals in the joints
What is the appropriate management for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin injections and frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels
What is the characteristic of proteins?
Consist of a linear chain of amino acids
What is the composition of nucleosides?
Heterocyclic ring attached to a sugar
What do purines, pyrimidines, and pyridines have in common?
Heterocyclic nitrogen-containing ring structures
What do glycoproteins and proteoglycans have attached to their protein components?
Sugars
What does an elevated anion gap reflect?
Metabolic acidosis
Study Notes
Biochemical Properties of Cholesterol, Amino Acids, and Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
- Cholesterol is the precursor for steroid hormones and is converted to water-soluble bile salts like cholic acid in the body.
- Isoprenyl units are used to synthesize cholesterol, coenzyme Q, and vitamin A in humans.
- Geranyl and farnesyl groups are hydrophobic and can be covalently attached to proteins to associate with cellular membranes.
- The presence of a nitrogen atom in an organic compound increases its solubility in water.
- Amino acids are the precursors of nitrogen-containing compounds in the body and serve as the basis of most human amino acid metabolism.
- Sphingolipids, derivatives of ceramide, contain sphingosine and different groups added to form various compounds.
- Nitrogen is a component of purines, pyrimidines, and pyridines, which are common in the body and have specific functions.
- Nitrogenous bases form nucleosides and nucleotides, with the addition of phosphate groups forming nucleotides.
- In many nitrogen-containing rings, hydrogen can shift to produce tautomers, which are considered the same compound but with different reactivity.
- Radicals are compounds with a single electron, and free radicals are those that exist independently in a solution or lipid environment.
- Cholesterol and estradiol are water-insoluble due to their composition, while cholic acid contains hydrophilic groups making it water-soluble.
- The structure and properties of nitrogen-containing compounds play essential roles in various biochemical processes in the human body.
Test your knowledge of the biochemical properties of cholesterol, amino acids, and nitrogen-containing compounds with this quiz. Explore the roles of these compounds in human metabolism and their significance in various biochemical processes.
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