Ch 5 (pp 67-75)
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Questions and Answers

Which functional group is present in both ethanol and methanol?

  • Aldehyde group (CHO)
  • Alcohol group (OH) (correct)
  • Ketone group (C=O)
  • Carboxylic acid group (COOH)

    • What denotes the ethyl group in the name 'ethanol'?

  • Meth
  • Ol
  • An
  • Eth (correct)

    • What distinguishes methanol from ethanol in terms of chemical structure?

  • Presence of an aldehyde group in methanol
  • Presence of a methyl group in methanol (correct)
  • Presence of a carboxylic acid group in methanol
  • Presence of a ketone group in methanol

    • Which compound is more toxic to humans, leading to visual disturbances and bradycardia?

    <p>Methanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a sugar in which the aldehyde group is reduced to form a polyol?

    <p>Deoxysugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of bond are monosaccharides joined to form a disaccharide?

    <p>O-Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the storage form of glucose in human cells?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond joins sugars to each other or attaches sugars to the hydroxyl group of an amino acid on a protein?

    <p>O-Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a sugar in which the carbon containing the terminal hydroxyl group is oxidized?

    <p>Uronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a form of starch that is a branched polymer of glucosyl residues?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteoglycans essential parts of?

    <p>Extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a disaccharide consisting of galactose and glucose linked through a β(1→4) bond?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of groups are categorized as 'oxidized' or 'reduced' based on electron count around the carbon atom?

    <p>Alcohol groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does oxidation involve?

    <p>Loss of electrons and hydrogen atoms or gain of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of groups are anionic substituents in biomolecules?

    <p>Carboxylate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pKa of amines like dopamine, which are weak acids?

    <p>Approximately 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the solubility in water of a molecule?

    <p>The proportion of polar to nonpolar groups and their relative positions in the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do hydrophilic molecules like glucose 6-phosphate contain?

    <p>Many polar groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do water molecules form around polar or ionic compounds?

    <p>A hydration shell through hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do large nonpolar regions in compounds lead to?

    <p>Weak associations through van der Waals interactions and hydrophobic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At physiologic pH, what do many amines carry?

    <p>Positive charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dictates biochemical reactions according to the text?

    <p>The attraction between atoms with partial or full positive and negative charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for simple monosaccharides?

    <p>CnH2nOn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are monosaccharides classified as aldoses or ketoses?

    <p>Based on the carbonyl group type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do D and L designations describe in monosaccharides?

    <p>Stereoisomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of structure do monosaccharides mainly exist in solution?

    <p>Ring structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the old name for D-glucose?

    <p>Dextrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do epimers differ in?

    <p>Position of hydroxyl groups at one asymmetric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are substituted sugars characterized?

    <p>Contain phosphate, amino, sulfate, or N-acetyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can sugars be oxidized to at the aldehyde carbon?

    <p>Form an acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of monosaccharides based on?

    <p>Type of carbonyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do stereoisomers differ in?

    <p>Position of hydroxyl groups on asymmetric carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suffix used to name simple monosaccharides?

    <p>-ose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of monosaccharides?

    <p>Linear chain of three or more carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a defining characteristic of lipids?

    <p>Consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of glycoproteins and proteoglycans?

    <p>Have sugars attached to their protein components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key element in the organic molecules of the body?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds determine the types of reactions and physiologic roles of biochemical molecules?

    <p>Carbon-oxygen and carbon-nitrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are carbon structures named based on?

    <p>Carbon skeleton and functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rings are found in biologic compounds and are called aromatic?

    <p>Six-membered carbon-containing rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the types of reactions and the physiologic role of a molecule?

    <p>Properties of functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nitrogen-containing compounds like amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines characterized by?

    <p>Contain nitrogen in amino groups or heterocyclic ring structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of ketone bodies synthesized in the liver?

    <p>β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of amino acids?

    <p>Contain a carboxyl group and an amino group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do screening tests for ketone bodies employ?

    <p>Paper strip containing nitroprusside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are carbon-containing rings found in biologic compounds called?

    <p>Aromatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nomenclature and Biochemical Identification of Carbons

    • Biochemists use two systems for carbon identification: numbering and Greek letters
    • Monosaccharides are simple sugars with a linear chain of three or more carbon atoms
    • Monosaccharides have hydroxyl groups and are classified based on the number of carbons
    • Simple monosaccharides have the general formula CnH2nOn and are named with the suffix "-ose"
    • Monosaccharides are classified as aldoses or ketoses based on the carbonyl group type
    • D and L designations are used to describe monosaccharide stereoisomers
    • Stereoisomers differ in the position of hydroxyl groups on asymmetric carbons
    • Epimers are stereoisomers that differ in the position of hydroxyl groups at one asymmetric carbon
    • Monosaccharides mainly exist in ring structures in solution
    • D-glucose's old name is dextrose, and it undergoes mutarotation in solution
    • Substituted sugars contain phosphate, amino, sulfate, or N-acetyl groups
    • Sugars can be oxidized at the aldehyde carbon to form an acid

    Functional Groups in Biologic Compounds

    • Organic molecules are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, with unique characteristics related to functional groups containing oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
    • Carbohydrates, also known as sugars, can be classified based on their carbonyl group, number of carbons, hydroxyl group positions, substituents, and the number of monosaccharides joined through glycosidic bonds.
    • Glycoproteins and proteoglycans have sugars attached to their protein components.
    • Lipids, defined by their hydrophobicity, include fatty acids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, and ketone bodies such as β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone.
    • Nitrogen-containing compounds like amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, pyridines, nucleosides, and nucleotides contain nitrogen in amino groups or heterocyclic ring structures.
    • Ketone bodies are synthesized in the liver and include β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone, with the latter accounting for the sweet mousy odor in ketoacidosis patients' breath.
    • Amino acids contain a carboxyl group, an amino group, and additional carbons, while screening tests for ketone bodies employ a paper strip containing nitroprusside.
    • The organic molecules of the body consist mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus joined by covalent bonds, with carbon forming the key element.
    • Functional groups in biochemical molecules involve bonds between carbon and oxygen, carbon and nitrogen, carbon and sulfur, or carbon and phosphate groups, determining the types of reactions and physiologic roles.
    • Carbon structures with different numbers of carbons and hydrogen, straight or branched, with or without a ring, are named based on their carbon skeleton and functional groups.
    • Carbon-containing rings, such as the six-membered carbon-containing benzene ring, are found in biologic compounds and are called aromatic.
    • The properties of functional groups determine the types of reactions and the physiologic role of the molecule, with carbon–oxygen and carbon–nitrogen bonds being polar and more reactive than carbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen bonds.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of biochemical nomenclature and functional groups in biologic compounds with this quiz. Explore the classification of monosaccharides, identification of functional groups, and the characteristics of organic molecules. Dive into the world of biochemistry and enhance your understanding of carbon identification and the roles of functional groups in biochemical reactions.

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