BIO423: Introduction to Systematics

• Systematics is about understanding the diversity of life and its evolutionary relationships.
• The course code is BIO423, College of Science Medical Biology, Batch 2028, 2nd Semester 2024-2025.

Introduction to Systematics

• Systematics aims to delineate the main divisions of biodiversity.
• Theoretical systematics is about what classifications should reflect and how to elaborate natural criteria.
• Applied and practical systematics concerns the suitability of methods for use by other disciplines.
• Taxonomy (de Candolle, 1819) and Taxonology (Zuev, 2015) are terms used for theoretical systematics.
• Taxonomy is about the practical aspects of identifying particular taxa.
• Universal taxonomy develops general principles of classificatory activity and is referred to as the doctrine of classifications.
• Biological taxonomy develops philosophical and theoretical foundations of biological systematics.
• Systematics is very extensive and multifaceted.
• Tasks of taxonomy include taxonomic research, identification keys, nomenclature, developing systematic collections, and publishing results.
• Applied systematics links systematics proper with human activity involving biological diversity.
• Systematics incorporates general concepts, subject areas, classification, taxon, character, and homology.
• Practical systematics implements ideas from taxonomic theories.
• Heraclitus of Ephesus "Only then can you understand the essence of things when you know their origin and development."
• Different emphases affect the understanding of the conceptual history of systematics.
• Variant of Botanical and Evolutionary Perspective distinguishes between Artificial System, Natural System, and Phylogenetic System.

General History of Systematics

• Alpha Systematics involves the description of local fauna and flora.
• Beta Systematics involves construction of general classifications.
• Omega Systematics involves the development of comprehensive classification.
• There are four main stages in the History of Systematics: Pre-systematics, Proto-systematics, Scientific Systematics, and Post-scientific Systematics.
• The earlier parts of the historical development of systematics is more biased to plants, because literature is less scarce.

Pre-Systematics

• Folk systematics lacks explicit theoretical and methodological constructions and uses intuitive classification for survival.
• Utilitarian classification is based on practical needs, while intellectualist classification is based on cognition.
• Shen Nung, the Emperor of China around 3000 B.C., authored Shen Nung Ben Cao Jing, which documented 360 medicines from plants, animals, and minerals.
• Parashara in India (2000 B.C.) discussed soil properties, forest types, and leaf morphology, delimiting plant families in Virkshayurveda.
• Egyptians (1500 B.C.) used wall paintings and the Ebers Papyrus contained medicinal plants like "Celery of the Delta".
• Aristotle (Greek, 384-322 B.C.) classified organisms as Enaima (with blood) and Anaima (without blood) On the Parts of Animals.
• Theophrastus (Greek, 370-287 B.C.), a proponent of botany, described plants by habit, duration, inflorescence growth, ovary position, and petal fusion Historia Plantarum.
• Dioscorides (Greek, 40-90 A.D.) gathered knowledge on medicinal plants in De Materia Medica, describing 600 species.
• Pliny the Elder (Roman, 23-79 AD) discussed diverse plants in Historia Naturalis, covering topics from horticulture to plant anatomy.
• Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) wrote de Vegetabilis.

Scholastic (The Herbals)

• Otto Brunfels (German, 1489-1534) was a founder of "modern" botany known for Herbarium Vivae Eicones.
• Jerome Bock (German, 1498-1554) was a founder "modern" botany known for New Kreuterbuch.
• Leonhart Fuchs (German, 1501-1566) known for De Historia Stripium illustrated native plants from Americas
• Charles Clusius (Flemish, 1526-1609) researched indigenous plants/animals, translated medicinal works, and established the Leiden Botanical Garden.
• Matthias de L'Obel (Flemish, 1526-1609) believed botany should be based on exact observations and is is associated with Stripium Aversaria Nova.
• Gaspard Bauhin (French, 1511-1582) attempted to use a binomial system in Pinax Theatri Botanici.
• Andreas Caesalpino (Italian, 1519-1603) discussed 1520 plant species in De Plantis Libri.
• John Ray (English, 1628-1705) classified plants by considering all parts in Methodus Plantarum Nova.
• Pierre Magnol (French, 1638-1715) found John Ray's classification cumbersome and is referred to as the father of "Family concept.
• Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (French, 1656-1708) is the father of the "Genus" concept.
• Carl Linnaeus (Swedish, 1707-1778) is the starting point of modern botanical and zoological taxonomy with Species Plantarum (1753) and Systema Naturae 10th Edition (1758) and is associated with artificial classification.
• Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (French, 1707-1788) criticized Linnaeus' work, stating it's wrong to impose an artificial order on the disorderly natural world.
• Michel Adanson (French, 1727-1806), emphasized using a great range of characters for classifications in Familles des Plantes.
• Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (French, 1748-1836) founded a natural system based on many characters in Genera Plantarum.
• Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (French, 1744-1829) proposed Evolutionary theory - inheritance of acquired characteristics.
• Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (French, 1778-1841) advocated for priority in names in Theory Elementaire de la Botanique (1813).
• Hugh Edwin Strickland (English, 1811-1853) elaborated the first nomenclatural laws of zoology.
• Charles Darwin - Affected systematics after publication
• Ernst Haeckel - Started reconstruction of evolutionary trees and developed "Phylogeny."
• Willi Hennig (German, 1919-1976) founded the cladistic era (1966) and said that Similarities (synapomorphies) should be used in classification.
• Kevin de Queiroz and Jacques Gauthier - Phylocode and said that Only species and clades should have names

Species and Speciation

• Biodiversity is the collection of the variety of life on Earth.
• Systematists document and describe biodiversity, though estimates of species diversity are always reduced.
• Accuracy depends on the biology of organisms, experience, analytical methods, and species concepts used.
• The word "species" is applied in three ways: organizing organisms into taxa, using species concepts associated with properties, and having formation rules and names.
• The fundamental unit is biological classification, biodiversity, and evolution, but It remains a hypothesis.
• Mayr (1942) proposed the biological species concept: populations can reproduce in nature, reproductively isolated, and interbreed with fertile offspring.
• Some exceptions to the BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT include asexual reproduction and parthenogenesis.
• Fossil Species are extant taxa resembling organisms from fossil records (e.g., Tuatara and Ginkgo).
• Ring Species are groups of closely related species whose ranges partially overlap to form a ring.
• Cronquist proposed the morphological species concept.
• The Ecological Species Concept (Van Valen, 1976): Members of related populations compete more with each other than with other species.
• Keier and William (2000) proposed the phylogenetic species concept: species sharing a common ancestor
• Evolution results in formation of new species and assembalges of life.
• Natural selection is influenced by the evolution of an organism's environment.
• Speciation is a consequence of evolution, with populations evolving into distinct species.
• Cladogenesis is the evolutionary splitting of parent species into different ones, forming a clade.

Allopatric Speciation

• Allopatric speciation is a population split into two geographically isolated populations.
• Vicariance – separation of a population by a physical barrier.
• Long distance dispersal and migration.
• Moa's Ark Hypothesis: Ratite distribution reflect vicariance events of Gondwana origin.
• New evidences (molecular/fossil) challenge Moa's Ark Hypothesis, Molecular clock suggests Lithornothids (flying) as ancestral, and gave rise to different species of ratites upon dispersal, Species geographically closer to one another are more phylogenetically distant.

Sympatric Speciation

• Sympatric Speciation - Formation of two or more descendant species froma single species occupying the same geographic region.

Macrosystematics

• Sanggumay common name for a lot of species of Dendrobiums.
• Names: D. anosmum, D. aphyllum, D. philippinense D. crumenatum, and D. taurinum.
• Tilapia name applies to a lot of species: Golden Tilapia, Red Tilapia, etc.
• Rank is a particular level of a group that was described in the taxonomic hierarchy
• Taxon is a group of organisms that is being described for a particular level of a taxonomic hierarchy.
• Name is the label applied to a taxon.
• Nomenclature utilizes a formal system for assigning names and Species Name
• Species Name is binomial assigned to a plant or plant-like organism while asientific name is binomial assigned animal.
• An example, Sclerophylax kurtzii which has genus Sclerophylax, and specific epithet kurtzii.
• Genus name is started with an uppercase.
• Italicized and underlined separately.
• Common Magnolia foveolata synonms = Michelia foveolata Merr. ex Dandy = Magnolia aenea (Dandy) Figlar.
• (Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar – is the authority of the species name Magnolia foveolata while Michelia foveolata is a basionym.
• Heterotypic Synonyms are species based on different type specimens but refer to the same species taxon where basionym is related.
• Rhinella marina - Rana marina Linn., 1758 and Unlike in species names, indicating authority is optinal.
• Rana marina - Objective synonym; equivalent to homotypic synonym in plants.
• names based on different specimens but have completely similar features to Linnabus type specimen.
• Later names are referred to as junior synonyms.

Macrosystematics -Lesson 3B

• Names of animals and to ensure that the name of each taxon is unique and distinct.
• ICNafp is the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants.
• Version: (Shenzhen Code, 2018)
• ICZN - The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Fourth Edition, 2000 amend. 2012)
• • The International Code of Nomenclature for Prokaryotes
• • The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
• • The International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (ICPN)
• • The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN)
• Independence of Codes include ICNafp (Division 1, Principle 1), ICZN (Article 1, Section 4)
• Subject of Codes include ICNafp (Preamble), ICZN (Articles 1 & 2)

Valid names must start at May 1, 1753.

• *Species Plantarum
• *Carl v. Linne, May 1, 1753
• *Names published afterMay 1, 1753 are valid.
• ICZN (Article 3) - ZOOLOGICAL Systema Naturae Carl v. Linne, 175810th EditionAranei SveciciCarl Clerk 1758

Astronomical Nomonclature

• louis De La Nomenclaturebatanical alphorse do candolle, January. 1,1861 01 January 1867 vienna Rules 1906-2018

Rules vs Code

• Stockholm Code(1950) -- term "code" wus first used, most of une conient and rules ofstockholm Code are implemented up to the present time. Melbourne Code (2012)-changed the nameof C8N t Cwmp
• Charles Darwin - affested Systemsatics affer publication
• Emmist Heckel- started recanstruction of evolutionay tres and denelqund Phylogeny
• wili Hennig - found the cladistics and the simblarities

Terms for Types

• Nomes -KCNafp Name Bonomials

Rules for Published Names

effective publiction and what must be there citeria of publictin I- C2N effective publican what does not consitut

KCAFP Validaduty

• Names of the Taxa and what it means citer the Rules Valib Names by Graps

Qther considterations

• What othe the autonyms eXcepted

Types

_types 1957-present moficarions

• what the the defintions defion holotypes isosyn types