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Questions and Answers
What is the result of hydrolyzing disaccharides with dilute acid?
What is the result of hydrolyzing disaccharides with dilute acid?
What type of bond joins a sugar to a nitrogen atom in glycoproteins and nucleotides?
What type of bond joins a sugar to a nitrogen atom in glycoproteins and nucleotides?
Which disaccharide is a reducing sugar?
Which disaccharide is a reducing sugar?
In which organism is sucrose not formed?
In which organism is sucrose not formed?
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What is the main function of sucrose in plants?
What is the main function of sucrose in plants?
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What is the commercial use of trehalose?
What is the commercial use of trehalose?
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What is the result of replacing a hydroxyl group in a parent compound with an amino group?
What is the result of replacing a hydroxyl group in a parent compound with an amino group?
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What is the type of bond that joins two monosaccharides in a disaccharide?
What is the type of bond that joins two monosaccharides in a disaccharide?
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What is the function of glucosamine in the body?
What is the function of glucosamine in the body?
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What is the reaction that forms a glycosidic bond?
What is the reaction that forms a glycosidic bond?
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What is the characteristic of glycosidic bonds in terms of cleavage?
What is the characteristic of glycosidic bonds in terms of cleavage?
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What is an example of a disaccharide?
What is an example of a disaccharide?
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What is the primary difference between various polysaccharides?
What is the primary difference between various polysaccharides?
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What is the function of homopolysaccharides like starch and glycogen?
What is the function of homopolysaccharides like starch and glycogen?
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Where is glycogen especially abundant in the body?
Where is glycogen especially abundant in the body?
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What is unique about the structure of glycogen granules?
What is unique about the structure of glycogen granules?
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Why are glycogen molecules typically stored in a branched, rather than linear, structure?
Why are glycogen molecules typically stored in a branched, rather than linear, structure?
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What is the reason why glucose is not stored in its monomeric form?
What is the reason why glucose is not stored in its monomeric form?
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Study Notes
Hexose Derivatives
- Hexose derivatives are sugar molecules with a hydroxyl group replaced with another substituent or a carbon atom oxidized to a carboxyl group.
- Examples include glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine, where a hydroxyl group is replaced with an amino group.
- Glucosamine is a component of structural polymers, including those in bacterial cell walls.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined covalently by an O-glycosidic bond.
- The bond is formed when a hydroxyl group of one sugar molecule reacts with the anomeric carbon of another.
- Examples of disaccharides include maltose, lactose, and sucrose.
- Glycosidic bonds are readily hydrolyzed by acid but resist cleavage by base.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are polymers of medium to high molecular weight, composed of repeating monosaccharide units.
- Homopolysaccharides contain only one type of monosaccharide unit, while heteropolysaccharides contain two or more different types.
- Examples of homopolysaccharides include starch and glycogen, which serve as storage forms of monosaccharides for energy.
- Heteropolysaccharides, such as peptidoglycan, provide extracellular support for organisms.
Glycogen
- Glycogen is a homopolysaccharide found in the liver and skeletal muscle.
- It is stored in large granules in hepatocytes, each containing multiple highly branched glycogen molecules with an average molecular weight of several million.
- The granules also contain enzymes responsible for glycogen synthesis and degradation.
N-Glycosyl Bonds
- N-glycosyl bonds join the anomeric carbon of a sugar to a nitrogen atom in glycoproteins and nucleotides.
Disaccharide Examples
- Lactose is a disaccharide of D-galactose and D-glucose, found naturally in milk.
- Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, formed by plants but not animals.
- Trehalose is a disaccharide of D-glucose, a non-reducing sugar found in insects and used commercially as a sweetener.
Polysaccharide Functions
- Polysaccharides serve as storage forms of monosaccharides, as structural elements in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons, and provide extracellular support for organisms.
- Sucrose is a major intermediate product of photosynthesis and a principal form of sugar transport in plants.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of biochemistry, specifically the hexose derivatives found in organisms. Learn about the different types of sugar derivatives and their properties.
