Questions and Answers
T and B cells belong to _____ immunity
adaptive immunity
In nucleic acid duplex structures, the higher GC-content correlates with more ________ duplex, which means the ______ melting temperature.
T and B cells belong to _____ immunity.
Adaptive immunity
In nucleic acid duplex structures, the higher GC-content correlates with more ________ duplex, which means the ______ melting temperature.
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Individual nucleotides within the backbone of the regulatory RNAs are held together by?
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GI tract bacteria convert monosaccharides and polysaccharides into?
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What is a defining feature of Isoleucine?
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In contrast to classical endocrine signaling, how are paracrine and autocrine messengers characterized?
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What membrane transporter is electrogenic and translocates a net charge across the membrane?
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How does a dominant mutation in the EPO gene affect erythrocyte production?
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What effect do certain types of kidney tumors have on erythrocyte production?
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5-HT activation results in an increase in_________ levels, a hallmark of ________.
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The ratio of the cationic (+) to anionic (-) functional groups in a protein at its pI is always equal to ___.
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What does the fluid mosaic model describe?
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What does the unit membrane model depict?
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If small bumps on a membrane are composed of cholesterol, how would the fluid mosaic model be affected?
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What process involves the transfer of genetic material by viruses?
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What is the definition of transduction?
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What is transformation in bacteria?
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Study Notes
Immunity
- T and B cells are crucial components of adaptive immunity.
- T cells mediate cell-mediated responses; B cells are involved in hormone-mediated responses.
Nucleic Acid Stability
- Higher GC-content in nucleic acid duplexes correlates with increased stability.
- Increased stability results in a higher melting temperature of the duplex.
- miR-30a-3p exhibits the highest CG-content and thus the highest melting point.
RNA Structure
- Regulatory RNAs have their individual nucleotides linked by phosphodiester linkages.
Gut Microbiome Functions
- GI tract bacteria convert monosaccharides and polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids: acetate, propionate, and butyrate.
- These bacteria utilize monosaccharides for energy but do not participate in their absorption.
Amino Acids
- Isoleucine is characterized by its beta-branched side chain.
Chemical Signaling
- Paracrine and autocrine signaling chemical messengers act locally, not via blood vessels.
- Paracrine messengers influence nearby cells, while autocrine messengers affect the secreting cell itself.
Membrane Transporters
- The Na+-glucose cotransporter is electrogenic, moving a net positive charge across the membrane by transporting Na+ and glucose into the cell.
Erythropoietin Production
- A dominant mutation in the EPO gene results in higher erythrocyte numbers due to an increased affinity of the mutant EPO for its receptor, EPOR.
- Kidney tumors producing EPO lead to constant stimulation of erythrocyte production in the bone marrow.
Signal Transduction
- Activation of 5-HT (serotonin) results in increased cAMP levels, indicative of G-protein activation.
Protein Characteristics
- At its isoelectric point (pI), the ratio of cationic to anionic functional groups in a protein equals one.
Membrane Models
- The fluid mosaic model depicts proteins interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer, allowing for a dynamic membrane.
- The unit membrane model portrays a static cell membrane with proteins evenly distributed.
Membrane Composition
- Discovery of cholesterol bumps on the membrane does not contradict the fluid mosaic model; it suggests complexity rather than static distribution.
Viral Mechanisms
- Viruses that encode FNDC5 or control proteins transfer genetic material through transduction.
- Transduction is the mechanism by which viruses transfer nucleic acids to host cells.
- Transformation describes the process by which one bacterial strain acquires genetic material from another strain.
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