Questions and Answers
What is one primary function of the lymph nodes?
Lymphatic capillaries prevent the entry of bacteria from interstitial fluid.
False
What role do CD4+ Helper T cells play in the immune response?
CD4+ Helper T cells produce cytokines that activate other immune cells.
The primary site of hematopoiesis is the __________.
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Match the immune cells with their roles:
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Which line of immune defense includes specific responses to particular pathogens?
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The thymus is responsible for the production of all types of blood cells.
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What happens to bacteria when they reach the lymph nodes?
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Which line of defense is characterized by physical and chemical barriers?
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Neutrophils are specialized cells that can only recognize specific pathogens.
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What is the role of interferon in the immune response?
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The order of abundance of leukocytes from most to least is: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, __________, __________.
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What initiates the inflammation process?
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Match the following immune components with their functions:
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PAMPs are present in host cells and are essential for the survival of pathogens.
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What occurs during the engulfment step of phagocytosis?
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Study Notes
Function of Lymph Nodes
- Lymph nodes filter lymph, a clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic system.
- They coordinate immune responses by processing antigens from the lymph.
Role of Lymphatic Capillaries
- Lymphatic capillaries are highly permeable, allowing bacteria from interstitial fluid to enter.
- Bacteria are transported via lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes, triggering an immune response.
Immune Response in Lymph Nodes
- Dendritic cells and macrophages engulf bacteria, breaking them down into smaller fragments.
- These fragments are presented to T cells; CD4+ Helper T cells produce cytokines, while CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells.
- B cells are activated, producing antibodies specific to the encountered bacteria.
Locations of Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
- Key lymphoid organs include the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen.
Types of Immune Cells in Lymph Nodes
- Major immune cells present are CD4+ Helper T cells, CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
Functions of Thymus and Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is the site of hematopoiesis, producing all blood cell types.
- The thymus is responsible for the maturation and selection of T cells.
Nonspecific vs Adaptive Immunity
- Nonspecific immunity provides a general response to a wide range of invaders without targeting specific pathogens.
- Adaptive immunity develops a specific response to particular infectious agents through physiological changes.
Lines of Immune Defense
- The 1st line involves physical and chemical barriers to block pathogen entry.
- The 2nd line consists of non-specific immune responses targeting a broad spectrum of invaders.
- The 3rd line develops specific immunity against particular pathogens via tailored responses.
Components of Nonspecific Immunity
- Complement proteins coat pathogen surfaces, enhancing immune response.
- Neutrophils engage in phagocytosis to digest pathogens.
- Macrophages present antigens to T cells to activate them.
- Interferon signals host cells against viral infections.
- Skin serves as the primary physical barrier to pathogens.
PAMPs and PRRs
- PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) are crucial for pathogen survival, absent in host cells.
- PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) are found on immune cell surfaces, recognizing PAMPs to initiate immune responses.
Order of Abundance of Leukocytes
- The abundance of leukocytes follows this order: Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils.
Steps in Inflammation
- Initiation occurs when immune cells recognize harmful stimuli.
- Vasodilation leads to increased blood flow, causing redness and heat.
- Increased vascular permeability allows plasma proteins and fluids to leak, resulting in swelling and pain.
- Leukocytes are recruited and activated to respond to the site of injury or infection.
- Resolution involves elimination of pathogens and tissue repair.
General Steps in Phagocytosis
- Chemotaxis directs phagocytes toward the site of infection.
- Recognition and attachment involve phagocytes binding to targets via PRRs and opsonins.
- Engulfment occurs when phagocytes form a phagosome around the target.
- Phagosome maturation leads to the fusion with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome.
- Digestion and destruction involve enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate the target.
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Description
Prepare for Quiz 5 in Bio 260 with this study guide focusing on the lymphatic system and lymph nodes. Understand the filtering functions of lymph nodes and the role of lymphatic capillaries in immune responses. Review key concepts to excel in your understanding of these essential biological systems.
