Questions and Answers
What is a covalent bond?
Strong chemical bond due to the sharing of electrons.
What happens in ionic bonds?
Electrons are transferred between atoms creating charged atoms.
What describes hydrogen bonds?
Weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules.
Which elements have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell?
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How many electron shells do carbon and nitrogen have?
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What happens when the outermost shell is full?
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Which elements have 1 electron shell?
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Which elements have 3 electron shells?
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A polar covalent bond is created when ______.
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The polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen in water create slight charges.
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What is unique about the portion of an amino acid among different amino acids?
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What is a saturated fatty acid?
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What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
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What is a monosaccharide?
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What does a fatty acid represent?
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What does an amino acid represent?
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What does a nucleotide represent?
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What class of macromolecules serves as important energy stores?
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What is an important feature of carbon?
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Which is to animal cells as starch is to plant cells?
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What do amphipathic molecules possess?
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What level of protein structure is characterized by coils and folds?
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Give an example of how carbon can form both non-polar and polar bonds.
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What do hydrocarbons do?
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What are isomers?
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What is a hydroxyl group?
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What is a carbonyl group?
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What is a carboxyl group?
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What is an amino group?
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What is a sulfhydryl group?
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What is a phosphate group?
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What does atomic number represent?
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What does mass number represent?
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent Bond: Strong bond formed by the sharing of electrons; crucial for completing valence shells.
- Ionic Bonds: Involves transfer of electrons, resulting in charged ions (e.g., Na+ and Cl- form NaCl).
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak attractions between slightly charged parts of molecules, easily broken and reformed but collectively strong.
Electron Shells and Elements
- Outermost Electrons: Nitrogen and phosphorus share the same number of electrons in their outermost shell.
- Two Electron Shells: Carbon and nitrogen possess two electron shells.
- Full Outermost Shell: Elements like helium and argon have fully occupied outermost shells, making them stable.
- One Electron Shell: Hydrogen and helium contain only one electron shell.
- Three Electron Shells: Sodium and chlorine have three electron shells.
Molecular Interactions
- Polar Covalent Bond: Formed when atoms in a bond exert unequal pull on shared electrons, leading to partial charges.
- Water Molecule Bonds: As temperature decreases, water molecules form more stable hydrogen bonds.
Macromolecules and Nutrients
- Amino Acid Unique Portion: The side chain or R-group differentiates various amino acids.
- Saturated Fatty Acids: No double bonds in the carbon chain; solid at room temperature; derived mainly from animal sources.
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Contain double bonds; liquid at room temperature; primarily sourced from plants.
- Monosaccharides: The simplest form of carbohydrates.
- Fatty Acids: Fundamental components of lipids.
- Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins.
- Nucleotides: Building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
- Lipids: Serve as energy stores and major components of cell membranes.
Carbon's Versatility
- Carbon's Bonding Capability: Can form up to four covalent bonds, crucial for organic diversity.
- Carbon Bond Configurations: Can create molecules in various forms: linear, ring-like, or highly branched.
- Polarity in Carbon Bonds: Carbon can form both polar and nonpolar bonds; C-H and C-C are nonpolar, while bonds with oxygen are polar.
Energy Storage and Molecular Structures
- Hydrocarbons: Compounds primarily made of hydrogen and carbon, known for storing significant energy.
- Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
Functional Groups in Organic Molecules
- Hydroxyl Group (OH): Polar functional group that increases solubility in water.
- Carbonyl Group: Includes ketones and aldehydes; polar with a structure represented as CO (C=O).
- Carboxyl Group (COOH): Characteristic of weak acids.
- Amino Group (NH2): Acts as a base in biological systems.
- Sulfhydryl Group (SH): Contains sulfur and has unique bonding properties.
- Phosphate Group (OPO3^2-): Negatively charged, crucial for energy transfer and important in ATP.
Atomic Structure
- Atomic Number: Defined by the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- Mass Number: The total count of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from BIO 201 Chapters 2 and 4. Explore important terms like covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds, and understand their significance in chemistry. Perfect for students preparing for exams or looking to review fundamental concepts.
