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Questions and Answers
What does SDRAM stand for?
What does SDRAM stand for?
- Static Dynamic Read Access Memory
- Synchronous Direct Read Access Memory
- Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (correct)
- Static Direct Random Access Memory
In Von Neumann architecture, what type of data is stored in the same memory as instructions?
In Von Neumann architecture, what type of data is stored in the same memory as instructions?
- Only data
- Only instructions
- Neither data nor instructions
- Both data and instructions (correct)
How does SDRAM operate in relation to the CPU?
How does SDRAM operate in relation to the CPU?
- It operates asynchronously with the CPU clock speed.
- It is only synchronized with the system memory.
- It is synchronized with the clock speed that the CPU is optimized for. (correct)
- It transfers data without synchronization.
What is the primary function of the instruction fetch and decode unit in the CPU?
What is the primary function of the instruction fetch and decode unit in the CPU?
What memory technology is mentioned as holding both data and instructions in Von Neumann architecture?
What memory technology is mentioned as holding both data and instructions in Von Neumann architecture?
What is the role of the memory controller in the context of the CPU?
What is the role of the memory controller in the context of the CPU?
Which unit among the following is responsible for storing temporary instruction data?
Which unit among the following is responsible for storing temporary instruction data?
Which characteristic of SDRAM makes it different from traditional DRAM?
Which characteristic of SDRAM makes it different from traditional DRAM?
What is the value of the binary number 10102 in decimal form?
What is the value of the binary number 10102 in decimal form?
Which number represents the biggest possible value for an 8-bit binary number?
Which number represents the biggest possible value for an 8-bit binary number?
How do you represent -12 using two's complement?
How do you represent -12 using two's complement?
What is the least significant bit (LSB) in the binary number 100110102?
What is the least significant bit (LSB) in the binary number 100110102?
What does the MSB indicate in signed binary numbers?
What does the MSB indicate in signed binary numbers?
What is the value of the biggest possible 16-bit binary number?
What is the value of the biggest possible 16-bit binary number?
How is the decimal number 10.25 represented in binary?
How is the decimal number 10.25 represented in binary?
When converting the decimal number +12 to binary, which binary representation is correct?
When converting the decimal number +12 to binary, which binary representation is correct?
What characteristic of Harvard architecture allows for increased instruction execution?
What characteristic of Harvard architecture allows for increased instruction execution?
Which component of a computer performs arithmetic and logic operations?
Which component of a computer performs arithmetic and logic operations?
Virtual memory is utilized to address which of the following scenarios?
Virtual memory is utilized to address which of the following scenarios?
What is the primary function of the Memory Management Unit (MMU)?
What is the primary function of the Memory Management Unit (MMU)?
How does the control unit contribute to processing in a CPU?
How does the control unit contribute to processing in a CPU?
Which of the following correctly describes an instruction set?
Which of the following correctly describes an instruction set?
Which type of memory operation is NOT handled by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?
Which type of memory operation is NOT handled by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)?
What role do electronic gates play in the CPU?
What role do electronic gates play in the CPU?
What byte of data is stored at address 0x102 in a little-endian, 64-bit machine when the data 0x03 01 02 04 is stored at address 0x100?
What byte of data is stored at address 0x102 in a little-endian, 64-bit machine when the data 0x03 01 02 04 is stored at address 0x100?
In the context of byte ordering, which statement about little-endian storage is true?
In the context of byte ordering, which statement about little-endian storage is true?
If data is stored as big-endian at address 0x100, which byte would be present at address 0x103?
If data is stored as big-endian at address 0x100, which byte would be present at address 0x103?
Which of the following statements about endianness is correct?
Which of the following statements about endianness is correct?
For the data stored at addresses 0x100 to 0x103 in little-endian format, what is the sequence of bytes in memory?
For the data stored at addresses 0x100 to 0x103 in little-endian format, what is the sequence of bytes in memory?
What is the total number of bits used for the mantissa in single-precision IEEE 754 numbers?
What is the total number of bits used for the mantissa in single-precision IEEE 754 numbers?
In the IEEE 754 single-precision format, what must be added to the exponent before storing it?
In the IEEE 754 single-precision format, what must be added to the exponent before storing it?
What is a key characteristic of the mantissa in IEEE 754 format?
What is a key characteristic of the mantissa in IEEE 754 format?
If the exponent in a single-precision IEEE 754 number is 132, what is the actual exponent after conversion?
If the exponent in a single-precision IEEE 754 number is 132, what is the actual exponent after conversion?
How is the value of a number represented in IEEE 754 defined?
How is the value of a number represented in IEEE 754 defined?
In double-precision IEEE 754 format, how many bits are allocated for the exponent?
In double-precision IEEE 754 format, how many bits are allocated for the exponent?
What is the result of right-shifting a binary number by 2 units?
What is the result of right-shifting a binary number by 2 units?
What is the correct way to denote that the exponent in double precision is in excess-1023 format?
What is the correct way to denote that the exponent in double precision is in excess-1023 format?
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Study Notes
Binary Representation
- The Most Significant Bit (MSB) is on the left side and represents the highest power of 2, while the Least Significant Bit (LSB) is on the right side and represents the lowest power of 2.
- Binary representation utilizes positional weights to convert binary numbers to decimal values.
- An 8-bit value has a maximum value of 2⁸-1 = 255 and a minimum value of 0.
- A 16-bit value has a maximum value of 2¹⁶-1 = 65,535.
Representing Negative Numbers
- The sign bit (MSB) indicates the sign of a number: 1 for negative, 0 for positive.
- Two's complement is used to represent negative numbers:
- Invert all bits.
- Add 1 to the result.
- Both sign bit and two's complement systems are used for representing negative numbers.
Fractional Numbers in Binary
- The binary point separates whole number and fractional parts.
- Decimal 10.25 is represented as 1010.01 in binary.
- The positional weights for the fractional part are negative powers of 2 (2⁻¹, 2⁻², etc.).
Von Neumann Architecture
- The Von Neumann architecture uses a single memory address space for instructions and data.
- Both data and instructions are fetched through the same buses to the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Harvard Architecture
- The Harvard architecture uses separate memory spaces for instructions and data.
- Data and instructions are fetched through separate buses to the CPU.
Layered View of Computer Organization
- The layered view of computer organization shows a hierarchy of abstract layers:
- High-level programming languages (Python, Java, C): processor-independent
- Low-level languages (assembly language): processor-dependent
- BIOS (Basic Input Output System): a small program running when the computer boots
- Instruction set: a set of CPU commands in machine language
- Logical operations: implemented by internal control units
- Electronic gates: performing logical operations on binary digits
Computer Organization: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
- The ALU performs basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction) and logic operations (NAND, OR).
- Input and output usually occur through registers connected via fast buses.
- The ALU operates on fixed-point numbers within a single instruction cycle.
Memory Management Unit (MMU)
- The MMU manages virtual memory.
- Virtual memory allows programs to use more memory than available RAM.
- The MMU translates CPU addresses to physical memory addresses.
Endianness
- Endianness refers to byte ordering.
- Big-endian stores the most significant byte at the lowest address.
- Little-endian stores the least significant byte at the lowest address.
IEEE 754 Floating Point
- IEEE 754 is a standard for representing floating-point numbers.
- Single precision (32-bit) uses 1 bit for sign, 8 bits for exponent, and 23 bits for mantissa.
- Double precision (64-bit) uses 1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, and 52 bits for mantissa.
- The exponent is stored in excess-127 for single precision (excess-1023 for double precision).
- The mantissa is stored in fractional format and assumes a hidden 1 (e.g., 1.25 is represented as 0.25 with the hidden 1).
Shifting and Arithmetic: Multiplication
- Shifting a binary number to the left by 'n' positions is equivalent to multiplying it by 2ⁿ.
- Shifting a binary number to the right by 'n' positions is equivalent to dividing it by 2ⁿ.
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