30 Questions
What is the primary cause of prehepatic hyperbilirubinaemia?
Excess production of bilirubin due to hemolysis
Which type of hyperbilirubinaemia is associated with jaundice becoming clinically apparent when the total serum [bilirubin] exceeds about 50 μmol/L?
All types of hyperbilirubinaemia
Which laboratory finding is characteristic of prehepatic hyperbilirubinaemia?
Increased urobilinogen in the urine
Which type of hyperbilirubinaemia is caused by obstruction of bile ducts?
Posthepatic hyperbilirubinaemia
Which type of hyperbilirubinaemia is associated with liver cell dysfunction?
Hepatic hyperbilirubinaemia
What is the main cause of prehepatic hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
What is the rate-limiting step in bilirubin metabolism?
Secretion into the small intestine
What gives faeces its brown color?
Stercobilinogen
Which compound is reabsorbed by the intestines and reaches the liver through portal blood supply?
Urobilinogen
What is the final product of urobilinogen after oxidation in the large intestine?
Urobilin
In cases of severe intrahepatic cholestasis or complete bile duct obstruction, what is absent in urine and stool respectively?
Urobilin/urobilinogen
What gives urine its yellow/straw color?
Urobilin
What is the most common cause of posthepatic hyperbilirubinaemia?
Gallstones in the common bile duct
Which of the following is a characteristic laboratory finding of posthepatic hyperbilirubinaemia?
Pale stool color
Which of the following is the most specific liver enzyme for hepatocellular injury?
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Which of the following is a true liver function test?
Prothrombin time
Which of the following is a characteristic laboratory finding of posthepatic hyperbilirubinaemia?
Increased conjugated bilirubin in the serum
Which of the following is a characteristic of intrahepatic hyperbilirubinaemia?
Occurs in acute hepatocellular cholestasis
Which enzyme is a sensitive indicator of liver disease and is primarily used for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases?
GGT
In biliary obstruction, which enzyme's plasma activity may increase before that of alkaline phosphatase?
GGT
Which enzyme's synthesis is induced by ethanol and anticonvulsant drugs, and is mainly found in the kidney and significant amounts in liver, brain, prostate, and pancreas?
GGT
Which condition reflects mild cholestasis due to the obstruction of bile canaliculi by swollen hepatocytes & inflammation/necrosis of the ductular lining cells?
Paget’s disease
In alcoholic liver disease, which enzyme's serum level shows marked elevation?
GGT
Which enzyme is more specific to the liver and a more sensitive marker for cholestatic damage compared to alkaline phosphatase?
GGT
Which enzyme activity may exceed that of ALT as more cells are destroyed in Chronic Active Hepatitis?
AST
What is the primary cause of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
Autoimmune response
What condition occurs in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis due to the slow, progressive destruction of small bile ducts?
Cholestasis
Which liver enzymes are typically elevated in early stages of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?
GGT and ALP
What is the consequence of further slow damage to liver tissue in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis besides cholestasis?
Fibrosis
Which of the following is a characteristic of Chronic Active Hepatitis regarding albumin levels?
Decreased albumin levels
Learn about the fate of bilirubin in the gastrointestinal tract, including the breakdown process into urobilinogen and further conversion into stercobilin. Understand the role of bile canaliculi and bacterial action in this metabolic pathway.
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