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Questions and Answers
What does the photoelectric effect demonstrate?
What type of losses occur in a transformer?
Which phenomenon is explained by Huygens's wave theory?
What is the fundamental principle of a parallel plate capacitor?
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What is a key characteristic of the hydrogen spectrum explained by Bohr's theory?
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What is essential in the construction of an astronomical telescope?
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What does the Biot-Savart law describe?
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What is the purpose of a moving coil galvanometer?
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Study Notes
Transformer Working Principle
- A transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, converting alternating current (AC) from one voltage level to another.
- Consists of two coils (primary and secondary) wound on a magnetic core.
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Losses in a transformer:
- Copper losses (due to resistance in the windings).
- Iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses).
- Stray losses (leakage flux outside the core).
Biot-Savart Law
- Describes the magnetic field generated by a steady electric current.
- Formula: ( B = \frac{\mu_0 I}{4\pi} \int \frac{dL \sin(\theta)}{r^2} )
- Derives the magnetic field at the center of a circular loop due to current flow.
Photoelectric Effect
- Phenomenon where electrons are emitted from a material when it absorbs light.
- Einstein's photoelectric equation: ( E = hf - \phi )
- ( hf ): energy of the photon, ( \phi ): work function of the material.
Refraction through Convex Spherical Surfaces
- Bends light rays due to differences in medium density.
- The refractive index determines the bending angle.
- Given by the lens maker's formula ( \frac{1}{f} = (n-1) \left( \frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2} \right) )
Moving Coil Galvanometer
- Measures small electric currents through a coil in a magnetic field.
- Construction includes a coil suspended in a magnetic field and a pointer.
- Converts to an ammeter by adding a low-resistance shunt; a voltmeter by including a high-resistance in series.
Parallel Plate Capacitor
- Consists of two conductive plates separated by an insulator (dielectric).
- Capacitance ( C = \frac{\varepsilon A}{d} ) where ( \varepsilon ) is permittivity, ( A ) is area, ( d ) is distance between plates.
Huygens’s Wave Theory
- States every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets.
- Verification of laws of reflection and refraction based on wavefronts and the principle of superposition.
Bohr's Theory Postulates
- Electrons in an atom move in fixed orbits without radiating energy.
- The angular momentum of an electron is quantized.
- Explains the hydrogen spectrum by quantized energy levels.
Nuclear Fission Reaction
- A process where a nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing energy.
- In a nuclear reactor, fission commonly occurs with Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239.
Photon Energy and Frequency
- Frequency associated with a photon can be calculated using ( E = hf ).
- For energy ( 3.3 \times 10^{-20} J ), frequency ( f = \frac{E}{h} ).
Radius of a Nucleus
- Detected using the formula ( R = R_0 A^{1/3} ) with mass number ( A ) and ( R_0 \approx 1.2 , fm ).
Telescopes
- Types include refracting and reflecting telescopes.
- Astronomical telescope construction involves two lenses; magnifying power ( M = \frac{f_o}{f_e} ).
Dielectric Slab in Capacitor
- A parallel plate capacitor with a dielectric slab increases capacitance.
- Capacitance with dielectric ( C' = \kappa C ).
Nuclear Reactor Components
- Major components include fuel, moderator, coolant, control rods, and containment vessel.
- Functions involve maintaining a controlled fission reaction and heat removal.
De Broglie Wavelength
- Formula: ( \lambda = \frac{h}{mv} ), where ( h ) is Planck's constant, ( m ) is mass, and ( v ) is velocity.
- For electron accelerated through a potential difference of 100V.
Magnifying Power of Telescope
- An astronomical telescope with a given magnifying power can be analyzed by the arrangement of its lenses.
Common Transistor Biasing
- p-n-p transistors typically use biasing for stability.
- Characteristics curve shows current relationships and amplification factors.
Wheatstone Bridge
- Used to measure unknown resistance; consists of four resistors in a diamond shape.
- Balanced condition occurs when the ratio of resistances remains constant across the bridge.
Prism Equation
- Describes light refraction through a prism; derived as ( n = \frac{\sin((A+D)/2)}{\sin(A/2)} ) where ( D ) is the angle of minimum deviation.
Resistance of Coils
- Equivalent resistance in series and parallel can be used to find individual resistances of coils using equations for series ( R_s ) and parallel ( R_p ).
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Description
This quiz covers crucial topics from the Bihar Board Class 12 Physics syllabus, including transformers, the Biot-Savart law, and the photoelectric effect. It consists of long-answer questions that challenge your understanding of key physics concepts. Prepare to deepen your knowledge and excel in your examination.
