Big Macromolecules: Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Here are the summarized bullet points:

• The lesson focuses on big macro molecules, specifically proteins and nucleic acids, and their functions in the body.

• Proteins are fundamental building blocks of the body, providing strength, producing hormones, enzymes, and other metabolic chemicals, and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

• The monomers of proteins are amino acids, and there are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins.

• Proteins have various functions, including controlling reaction rates, forming muscles, fighting diseases, and participating in cell transport.

• The body cannot synthesize essential amino acids, so they must be obtained through diet.

• Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form proteins, and protein synthesis occurs through a process called translation in the cytoplasm.

• There are 20 amino acids, some of which are essential, conditionally essential, and non-essential.

• Proteins can be classified into two types: fibrous proteins, which provide structure, and globular proteins, which have various functions such as transporting and storing nutrients.

• Proteins can also be classified according to their structure, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

• Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions in the body, and hormones are proteins that help balance the body's components.

• Antibodies are proteins used by the immune system to repair and heal the body from foreign bacteria.

• Proteins are also a source of energy and help rebuild and strengthen muscles.

• Nucleic acids are linear polymers of nucleotides that form an integral part of the information transfer system in cells.

• The elements that make up nucleic acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

• The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides, and the polymers are DNA and RNA.

• Nucleic acids store genetic code and transmit hereditary information.

• The composition of a nucleotide includes a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases such as adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.

• DNA is double-stranded, has deoxyribose as its sugar, and has the bases A-T-C-G, while RNA is single-stranded, has ribose as its sugar, and has the bases A-U-C-G.

• There are different types of RNA, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.

• Nucleic acids are difficult to find in food, but their components come from vitamins and minerals in fruits, vegetables, greens, and meats.

• Nucleic acids are essential for life processes, and their structure is related to their function.