COPY: exams 1-3 review
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COPY: exams 1-3 review

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Questions and Answers

What is a fundamental aspect of cell structure that allows eukaryotic cells to perform multiple biochemical processes simultaneously?

  • The compartmentalization of membranous structures (correct)
  • The existence of a cell membrane
  • The presence of DNA as genetic material
  • The presence of ribosomes

    • What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their structural complexity?

  • The size of the cell
  • The presence of a cell membrane
  • The level of structural complexity (correct)
  • The number of ribosomes

    • What is the primary function of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

  • To synthesize proteins
  • To provide structural support to the cell
  • To store genetic material
  • To store and utilize chemical energy (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all cells?

    <p>The presence of an endomembrane system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept that cells have evolved over billions of years to develop specific structures and functions?

    <p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in terms of their structural components?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a emergent property of water due to its polarity?

    <p>Viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the formation of ionic bonds between two elements?

    <p>The difference in electronegativity between the two elements is significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of an element to attract and hold onto electrons?

    <p>Electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules would be classified as hydrophilic?

    <p>A molecule with a polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phosphate groups in organic molecules?

    <p>To add energy to the molecule, making it less stable and more chemically reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells change the length of a carbon backbone?

    <p>Adding or removing carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule is formed when a carboxyl group is added to a carbon backbone?

    <p>Organic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which biological macromolecules are assembled?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of water movement during osmosis?

    <p>From the side with lower total solute concentration to the side with higher total solute concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport proteins moves a single solute across the membrane?

    <p>Uniport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of bringing assemblages of molecules into a cell using the membrane itself?

    <p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors bind hydrophobic ligands that can freely pass through the membrane?

    <p>Cytoplasmic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of signal transduction cascades in cell signaling?

    <p>They can amplify signals, create diversity of responses, and allow plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the secondary structure of a protein?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl and amino groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of transport proteins in cell membranes?

    <p>To allow for the facilitated diffusion of polar molecules and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a high proportion of saturated fatty acids on membrane fluidity?

    <p>It makes the membrane more viscous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of membrane protein is characterized by being partially hydrophobic and inserting into the hydrophobic region of the bilayer?

    <p>Integral membrane protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins?

    <p>Channel proteins create aqueous pathways for the diffusion of ions, while carrier proteins move molecules across the membrane by changing shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in the light reactions?

    <p>To pump hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Two 3C organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of photolysis in the light reactions?

    <p>To split water into oxygen and hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration?

    <p>To oxidize acetyl-CoA to CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the light reactions?

    <p>To convert the proton gradient into ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enzyme complex ATP synthase in the mitochondria?

    <p>To generate ATP through the process of chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the electron transport chain being unable to function in the mitochondria?

    <p>ATP can only be produced through glycolysis and fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of deamination in the process of fermentation?

    <p>To recycle NADH back to NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of beta-oxidation in the process of cellular respiration?

    <p>To break down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the investment and payoff phases of glycolysis?

    <p>The investment phase consumes ATP, while the payoff phase produces ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions in terms of free energy change?

    <p>Anabolic reactions have a negative ΔG, while catabolic reactions have a positive ΔG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP in reaction coupling?

    <p>To provide energy for endergonic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NADH in metabolic pathways?

    <p>To transfer energy through redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of allosteric effectors in enzyme regulation?

    <p>To inhibit or activate enzyme function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between enthalpy, entropy, and free energy in reactions?

    <p>ΔG = ΔH - TΔS</p> Signup and view all the answers

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